一株高效降解菲的植物内生细菌筛选及其生长特性

从长期受PAHs污染的植物看麦娘中分离出1株可高效降解菲的内生细菌Pn2,经生理生化特征分析和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,初步鉴定为Naxibacter sp.,研究了菌株Pn2的生长特性及其对菲的降解作用.结果表明,菌株Pn2能以菲为唯一碳源生长,并对菲有良好的降解性能.菲浓度为49.92mg/L时,30℃下150r/min振荡培养72h,菲降解率高达98.78%.接种量和污染强度显著影响Pn2对菲的降解:接种量越大,菲降解率越高;随污染强度升高,菲降解率先增大后减小,最适污染强度为150mg/L.菌株Pn2有较强的环境适应能力.温度为25~37℃、环境pH值为6.0~8.0、盐浓度1%~2%范围内,菌株Pn2生长状况良好.菌株Pn2为好氧生长,通气量越大,菌株生长越旺盛.菌株Pn2对低浓度的氨苄青霉素和氯霉素有抗性.     

煤矿区废水中溶解性有机质与铜的结合特性

为研究煤矿区废水排放对环境中重金属化学行为的影响,通过荧光滴定实验,利用铜离子选择电极法和荧光猝灭法定量化研究了矿井水和生活污水中溶解性有机质对铜的结合行为.结果表明,铜离子选择性电极法能精确地定量化这2类废水中有机质对铜的结合容量,其中矿井水中有机质对铜具有较大的结合容量,可以达到163.9mg/g,而生活污水中有机质对铜的结合容量相对较小,只有72.6mg/g.荧光猝灭法结果表征了这2类废水中各个组分对铜的结合特性,其中矿井水中的富里酸(A峰)对铜具有较强的结合容量,而生活污水中的类蛋白组分对铜的结合能力相对较弱.2类废水与铜结合前后的红外光谱变化结果表明矿井水中腐殖酸物质与铜的结合是一种化学反应,其中的酚羟基和羧基等官能团参与了反应,但生活污水中类蛋白物质的官能团与铜并没有发生化学结合反应.     

Methylobacterium sp. YAL-2对乙酰甲胺磷的降解特性

从有机磷生产厂家的下水道污泥中分离出一株对高浓度和低浓度乙酰甲胺磷都具有高效降解能力的寡营养菌YAL-2,根据形态、生理生化和16S rRNA基因系统发育分析,将菌株YAL-2鉴定为Methylobacterium sp.降解特性实验表明,菌株YAL-2能利用乙酰甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长和降解;在添加了甲醇的无机盐培养基中,84 h可完全降解300mg L-1乙酰甲胺磷,24 h将50 mg L-1和10 mg L-1乙酰甲胺磷降至非检测水平;4 d能完全去除100 mg L-1甲胺磷,5 d分别降解58.4%和40.6%的100 mg L-1乐果、敌敌畏.小青菜农药残留去除实验显示,菌株YAL-2可在7 d内将乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷将至限量水平.结果表明,将菌株YAL-2应用于保证果蔬等食品的食用安全是可行的.     

A multi-level characterization method for the assessment of urban ecological risks

Urban ecological risk characterization is the final step in risk assessment and an important foundation upon which risk managers build risk aversion, risk control, and emergency handling strategies. In this study, we reviewed present risk characterization methods and proposed a multi-level characterization method for the assessment of urban ecological risks. The new characterization method consists of four elements: urban ecological risk sources, risk source probabilities, assessment endpoint indicators, and assessment endpoint indicator probabilities. Using this method, results of risk assessments can be organized into different levels of detail to meet different risk management goals.     

电场促进畜禽粪便好氧堆肥中DOM演化的光谱学研究

好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便处置和资源化利用的主要途径.传统好氧堆肥（CAC）技术存在堆体温度低、发酵周期长、腐熟效果差等缺陷.最近研究发现,电场辅助好氧堆肥（EAAC）可快速促进堆肥腐熟,缩短堆肥周期,减少温室气体排放,具有潜在的应用前景.然而,电场促进堆肥过程中水溶性有机物（DOM）演化及腐殖化过程尚未清晰.基于此,本文采用紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）等多种光谱技术分析了EAAC过程中DOM的演变规律.UV-Vis与3D-EEM分析表明,EAAC过程中,蛋白类物质在3 d内几乎被完全分解,富里酸和腐殖酸类物质在高温期（6~18 d）大量形成.EAAC的腐殖化指数（HI=HA/FA）高于CAC,E₄/E₆低于CAC,说明堆肥过程中DOM芳香化和腐殖化的速度与程度均优于CAC. FTIR分析显示,EAAC过程中DOM的碳水化合物、脂肪类物质逐渐减少,芳香族化合物不断增加,其腐殖化趋势明显比CAC更快.相关性分析显示,P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与A_240~400、SUVA₂₅₄、E₂₅₃/E₂₂₀等UV-Vis光谱指标呈显著正相关（r>0.8, p<0.05）,可以作为评价EAAC腐熟度的重要指标.上述结果表明,电场辅助好氧堆肥可加速DOM中蛋白类物质分解,加快富里酸和腐殖酸类物质形成,促进DOM结构的芳香化.     

天津市夏季不同臭氧浓度级别VOCs特征及来源

为深入了解挥发性有机物（VOCs）对臭氧（O₃）污染的影响,基于2019年夏季天津市O₃和VOCs高时间分辨率在线监测数据,对不同O₃浓度级别VOCs污染特征及来源进行分析.结果表明,2019年夏季天津市O₃浓度为优、良、轻度污染和中度污染时,VOCs浓度分别为32.94、38.10、42.41和47.12μg·m^-3.VOCs组分中烷烃、烯烃、炔烃和芳香烃浓度占比分别为61.72%~63.36%、14.96%~15.51%、2.73%~4.13%和18.53%~19.10%,其中烷烃在O₃浓度为良和轻度污染时占比略高,烯烃和炔烃在O₃浓度为优时占比最高,芳香烃在O₃浓度为中度污染时占比最高.浓度较高的VOCs物种主要为丙烷、乙烷、乙烯、甲苯、正丁烷、异戊烷、间/对-二甲苯、丙烯、乙炔、正己烷、异丁烷、苯、正戊烷、异戊二烯和1,2,3-三甲苯,其中异戊烷、正戊烷、苯、乙烯、丙烯、正丁烷和异丁烷浓度贡献随O₃浓度级别上升逐步增加,异戊二烯和1,2,3-三甲苯浓度贡献在轻中度污染时明显升高.烯烃和芳香烃对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献较高,随着O₃浓度级别上升,烯烃对OFP贡献下降,芳香烃贡献上升.乙烯、丙烯、间/对-二甲苯、1,2,3-三甲苯、甲苯、异戊二烯、反-2-丁烯和顺-2-戊烯是影响臭氧生成的关键物种,其中1,2,3-三甲苯、异戊二烯、丙烯和乙烯对OFP的贡献比例在O₃为轻中度污染时明显增加.源解析结果显示,机动车排放源、溶剂使用源、LPG/汽油挥发源、燃烧源、石化工业排放源、天然源和其他工艺过程源是天津市夏季VOCs主要来源,随着O₃浓度级别上升,机动车排放源、LPG/汽油挥发源、石化工业排放源和天然源贡献逐渐增加,燃烧源和其他工艺过程源贡献总体下降,溶剂使用源贡献在轻中度污染时有所下降.     

Adsorption of Direct Green B on mixed hydroxy-Fe-Al pillared montmorillonite with large basal spacing

Through cation-exchanging of montmorillonite, mixed hydroxy Fe-Al-pillared montmorillonites with large basal spacing were synthesized. The application of these mixed hydroxy Fe-Al-pillared montmorillonites as adsorbents in the areas of environmental protection and pollution control was investigated. Adsorption of Direct Green B, an organic dye, on OH-Fe-, OH-Al-, OH-Fe-Al- pillared montmorillonites was studied. Results showed that these pillared montmorillonites had much better adsorption properties than traditional Na-organo-montmorillonite. It was also found that pH of the solutions had great effect on the performance of these hydroxy-metal pillared montmorillonites in treating the wastewater containing Direct Green B.     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅱ) 氧化剂盐粒子的大小及微观结构对沥青固化物的固—液表面氧化还原反应特性的影响

就不同粒径及微观构造的氧化剂盐粒子制备的沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性用高感度量热仪(C80微量量热仅)进行了测定.结果表明,当氧化剂盐粒子的微观构造基本相同时,随粒径的减小,制作的沥青固化物的反应开始温度向低温方向偏移,低温领域的发热量增大.当粒径的大小及其分布基本相同时,沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性随粒子的微观构造的不同表现出较大的差异,由针状结晶构成的多孔状粒子制成的沥青固化物的反应开始温度低、低温领域的发热量较大.     

1,4-二氯苯降解菌的疏水性及其降解特性研究

从某化工厂的活性污泥中分离纯化得到2株能以1,4-二氯苯为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌DEB-2和DEB-3,通过形态特征和生理生化实验初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。根据细菌在有机相-水相两相体系中的细胞数量研究了DEB-2和DEB-3的表面疏水性以及在不同环境条件下的变化,同时对菌株DEB-2和DEB-3在液体培养条件下降解不同初始浓度的1,4-二氯苯的性能进行研究。结果表明,DEB-2和DEB-3的表面疏水性随培养时间、温度和pH值的变化而变化,并且细菌的细胞表面疏水性与其在水环境中对有机污染物的降解呈一定的相关性,疏水性大的菌株DEB-2对疏水性有机物的降解能力较疏水性小的菌株DEB-3要强。     

Nacre and false nacre (foliated aragonite) in extant monoplacophorans (=Tryblidiida: Mollusca)

Extant monoplacophorans (Tryblidiida, Mollusca) have traditionally been reported as having an internal nacreous layer, thus representing the ancestral molluscan condition. The examination of this layer in three species of Neopilinidae (Rokopella euglypta, Veleropilina zografi, and Micropilina arntzi) reveals that only V. zografi secretes an internal layer of true nacre, which occupies only part of the internal shell surface. The rest of the internal surface of V. zografi and the whole internal surfaces of the other two species examined are covered by a material consisting of lath-like, instead of brick-like, crystals, which are arranged into lamellae. In all cases examined, the crystallographic c-axis in this lamellar material is perpendicular to the surface of laths and the a-axis is parallel to their long dimension. The differences between taxa relate to the frequency of twins, which is much higher in Micropilina. In general, the material is well ordered, particularly towards the margin, where lamellae pile up at a small step size, which is most likely due to processes of crystal competition. Given its morphological resemblance to the foliated calcite of bivalves, we propose the name foliated aragonite for this previously undescribed biomaterial secreted by monoplacophorans. We conclude that the foliated aragonite probably lacks preformed interlamellar membranes and is therefore not a variant of nacre. A review of the existing literature reveals that previous reports of nacre in the group were instead of the aragonitic foliated layer and that our report of nacre in V. zografi is the first undisputed evidence of nacre in monoplacophorans. From the evolutionary viewpoint, the foliated aragonite could easily have been derived from nacre. Assuming that nacre represents the ancestral condition, as in other molluscan classes, it has been replaced by foliated aragonite along the tryblidiidan lineage, although the fossil record does not presently provide evidence as to when this replacement took place.