废水处理中气浮设备存在问题及改进

就气浮法在废水处理中存在问题加以改进,使该法能正常运行,为已采用气浮法处理工艺的生产厂家提供操作管理经验,为气浮法在水处理中推广应用起到一定作用。     

微波辐照麦秸制造活性炭

研究了微波辐照经氯化锌浸渍的麦秸制造活性炭。实验结果表明,经微波辐照８ｍｉｎ,所得到活性炭的亚甲蓝脱色力为１７０ｍＬ／ｇ,为国家标准一级品（ＬＹ２１６－７９）的１．４２倍,时间仅为传统方法的１／４５。     

生活污水脱氮除磷DBP工艺中试研究

中国环境科学研究院与韩国H2L公司合作开发的脱氮除磷工艺——DBP(Double Biofilm Process)工艺,即双生物膜法,是将A2/O工艺、接触氧化法和曝气生物滤池有机结合起来,通过改变设计参数和运行参数,引进纤毛填料,使这3种工艺优点互补,缺点互避,形成的一种生物脱氮除磷工艺. 通过中试试验研究该工艺处理生活污水时的脱氮除磷效果. 结果表明,该工艺对COD_Cr和SS的平均去除率分别为91.5%和94.5%,对总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为78.4%和82.4%,出水能达到中水回用要求,且运行效果稳定.      

道路运输企业安全评价方法及实例分析

为了有效预防道路运输企业的生产安全事故,在建立道路运输企业安全评价指标体系基础上,利用层次分析法基本原理,详细说明了采用层次分析法评价的步骤,并采用指数标度以提高评价精度,在此基础上确定了各指标的权重,采用模糊综合评价方法进行评价.最后针对实际企业进行实证,结果表明,将模糊综合评价方法引入道路运输企业安全评价,克服了现行评价方法不够定量与评价面过广的不足.该评价方法可结合道路运输企业实际,在开展道路运输企业安全管理及绩效考核工作中得到广泛应用.     

Improving safety and availability of complex systems using a risk-based failure assessment approach

This paper presents a structured risk-based failure assessment (RBFA) approach, which provides a complete solution to avoid repeated and potential failures to improve overall plant safety and availability. Technological advancements and high product demand have encouraged designers to design mega-capacity systems to enhance system utilization and improve revenues. However, these benefits make the systems more complex and thus prone to unnoticed failure. It is an overwhelming task to address all the failures due to the limited resources and time constraints. This leads to substandard and poor quality failure assessments, which cause repeated failures. To address this common industry concern, a four phase RBFA framework is proposed which is not limited to the identification of root cause(s) but also includes other actions such as failure monitoring. The four phases include the plan phase, the assessment phase, the analysis phase and the implementation-tracking phase. These phases cover identification of failure, failure analysis, root cause(s) analysis, and failure monitoring. In this paper, the applicability and advantages of the proposed approach are examined through two real case studies pertaining to bearing failure and drive coupling failure. By implementing the proposed approach, significant improvements have been experienced in the system availability in both the cases.     

Lessons learned for process safety management in China

A number of chemical accidents have occurred in China over the past two decades with significant impact on humans and the environment. It is expected that lessons will have been learned from these accidents that will help industries to reduce the risk that catastrophic chemical accidents occur in future. In fact, to some extent there is evidence that lessons have been learned, to the extent that the Chinese government has substantially strengthened legislation and regulatory standards. Nonetheless, there remains a concern that much more still needs to be done to reduce chemical accidents risks in China. Important progress in this area requires not only government support but a commitment across all hazardous industries to learn from past accidents that may in many cases require establishment or considerable improvement of their safety management systems. To assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in this effort, results of an analysis of common causes of the chemical accidents reported in the Major Accident Information (MAI) website of Chinese State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS) are presented in this paper In particular, inadequate process hazard analysis (PHA), training and emergency response planning (ERP) were identified as the top three process safety management (PSM) elements that contribute to most of the SMEs accidents in China. Seven recommendations are proposed in order to improve the effectiveness of lesson learning for government agencies and SMEs.     

A structural decomposition-based diagnosis method for dynamic process systems using HAZID information

A novel diagnosis method is proposed in this paper that uses the results of the blended HAZID analysis extended to the dynamic case of process systems controlled by operational procedures. The algorithm is capable of finding fault root causes in process systems using nominal and observed possible faulty operational procedure execution traces. The algorithm uses the structural decomposition of the process system and its component-level dynamic HAZID (P-HAZID) tables and executes the diagnosis component-wise by first decomposing the observed execution traces, and then assembling the diagnosis results. The exact structure of the algorithm is also discussed, followed by two case studies on which its operation is demonstrated.     

Preparing for major terrorist attacks against chemical clusters: Intelligently planning protection measures w.r.t. domino effects

Chemical industrial areas or so-called chemical clusters consist of hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of chemical installations situated next to each other. Such areas can thus be seen as the summation of a large number of structures exhibiting danger to a certain degree for initiating or continuing accident domino effects or knock-on effects. In this article, an approach to investigate in a systemic way the vulnerability of each installation within the larger chemical cluster context, is developed. Our suggested method results in a prioritization of chemical installations with respect to their vulnerability for domino effects. The method can be used for intelligently designed protection of chemical industrial areas against terrorist attacks.     

CFD modeling and simulation of turbulent fluid flow and dust dispersion in the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle

A three-dimensional CFD model was developed to simulate the turbulent flow field induced by dust feeding and the associated dust dispersion within the 20-L explosion vessel equipped with the perforated annular nozzle. The model was validated against experimental data for pressure and root mean square velocity.Simulation results have shown that the turbulent kinetic energy is rather uniformly distributed and its values are significantly lower than those attained with the rebound nozzle. Furthermore, the perforated annular nozzle is able to generate a uniform dust/air cloud. However, a consistent fraction of the dust remains trapped inside the nozzle and, thus, it does not contribute to the explosion process.     

积极参加’97年全国“安全生产周”活动

积极参加’９７年全国“安全生产周”活动安全生产与劳动保护是企业和整个经济生活的一个重要环节，每一个从事生产、经营的企业都无不面临这个问题。搞好安全生产与劳动保护工作，对于减少生产过程中的危险和事故；减少由此造成的经济损失和降低生产经营成本；对于保护劳...