Refrigeration waste heat utilization for drying applications: a review

ABSTRACT

Cold chain industry has a vast potential for waste heat recovery. It is a matter of importance for energy efficiency point of view, as global energy demand is increasing day by day. Ample amount of low-grade energy is either unutilized or underutilized. The heat rejected by a Heat pump or refrigeration system emerged as a promising solution for dehydration by utilizing low-grade waste heat despite higher investment. As compared to solar drying technology, heat pump drying evolved as a reliable method regarding better process control, energy efficiency, and quality of the product to be dried. Energy utilized through the refrigeration system’s waste/exhaust heat recovery in combination with or without renewable energy source enhances the overall efficiency of the system and also reduces the cost. This useful review investigated and compared the research findings of waste heat utilization through heat pump and from condenser of refrigeration system on laboratory, pilot as well as industrial scale for drying of various fruits, vegetables, and agro products. Various drying parameters like drying rate, moisture content, Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER), Coefficient of Performance (COP), Exergy efficiency, and temperature as well as humidity conditions inside the drying chamber were also reviewed to promote the technological advancement of energy utilization by commercial cold storage waste heat recovery.     

高功率微波武器对C^4ISR系统毁伤效应研究

复杂电磁环境下电子设备易感性问题已引起广泛的关注,特别是军用C4ISR．系统对电子设备的依赖性,使得电磁脉冲的威胁进一步增大。对电磁脉冲的毁伤机理进行了阐述,概叙了电子器件毁伤的特征阈值,并从电磁脉冲对C^4ISR系统信息源的威胁、对计算机系统网络的威胁以及对C4ISR通信网络的威胁等方面分析了高功率微波武器对作战系统的影响,最后提出了防御电磁脉冲的具体防护措施。     

接触式污泥干化过程中SO_2吸收率的动态变化

根据接触式污泥干化工艺的实际运行参数,通过模拟试验,研究了污泥在干化过程中对烟气中二氧化硫(SO2)吸收率的动态变化及其影响因素,并对导致吸收率变化的原因进行了理论分析.结果表明,污泥对SO2的吸收率随干化温度的升高和气体流速的增大而减小,含水率为55%和75%的污泥对SO2的吸收率分别从干化温度80℃的16.0%和25.0%降至干化温度160℃的6.0%和7.0%,这是因为干化温度升高和气体流速增大,促使污泥水分加速蒸发,从而影响SO2从气相通过气膜向气液界面传递和扩散的过程,最终导致污泥对SO2吸收率的下降;污泥对SO2的吸收率随SO2浓度的增加没有明显的变化;污泥吸收SO2后,pH值降低表明了污泥吸收SO2发生了酸碱中和反应,污泥红外光谱证明污泥对烟气中SO2的吸收是一个化学吸收过程.     

土壤环境中硝基苯的微波萃取-气相色谱法检测技术的研究

土壤环境中的硝基苯是难于检测的一类化学污染物。本研究以受到硝基苯污染的松花江水灌溉的哈尔滨流域的农田为研究对象,采用＂微波萃取-气相色谱法＂,研究了模拟受到硝基苯污染土壤环境中的硝基苯含量和实际检测了松花江水灌溉的农田的硝基苯,研究了微波消解和气相色谱测定条件。结果显示：1.0mg/L～15.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,硝基苯的最低检出限为0.012,回收率为92.4%～99.4%。松花江流域农田土壤硝基苯含量未检出,即没有硝基苯污染。     

炼油厂剩余活性污泥综合利用可行性分析

针对目前炼油企业在剩余活性污泥处置过程中存在费用高、负担重及资源浪费等问题,选择典型代表企业进行采样分析,结果表明:与目前常用处置技术对比,污泥热干化后回用于锅炉做辅助燃料是可行的,同时也是目前较佳的综合利用方式。     

可燃药筒吸水性研究

采用称量法研究了某卷制结构可燃药筒干燥脱水特性和吸水特性,筒壁材料的干燥失水率与干燥时间的关系,平衡吸水量与环境湿度的关系以及试样厚度对吸水速率的影响.结果表明,可燃药筒筒壁在烘干条件下失水达到恒定的时间以及在常温潮湿环境下达到湿度平衡的时间随试样厚度的增加而延长;在潮湿环境中的平衡吸水量随环境的相对湿度增加而增加,在...     

木薯酒糟沼气发酵污泥生物干燥条件优化

利用生物干燥方法,通过添加微生物菌剂,将木薯酒糟沼气发酵后污泥进行干燥实验.利用响应面法对影响污泥干燥工艺的条件进行优化,确定生物干燥过程中接种量、通风量、温度对物料含水率的影响.最后得到在接种量1.5％、通风量6.5 L/h、温度36℃时,固态发酵96 h物料含水率可降到30％以下.     

颗粒污泥的风干过程及其结构特征

采用SBR反应器培养丝状菌颗粒污泥,反应器运行第18、23、27 d依次出现普通好氧活性污泥黄色颗粒、黑色丝状真菌颗粒,及具有光滑表面的白色微丝菌颗粒.对出现的以上3种颗粒污泥进行风干实验,分析了不同类型颗粒表面结合自由水和毛细水的分布特性：丝状菌形成的黑色和白色颗粒表面结合的自由水分别为79%和83%,而传统的以细菌...     

污水厂增钙干化污泥烟气处理工程

采用湿式填料塔技术治理污水厂增钙干化污泥过程中产生的大气二次污染。在取得技术适用性、风机位置、喷头孔径、水箱尺寸等工程经验后,对该技术进行评价和展望:首先在未来应利用烟气余热,设置换热器,提高能源循环使用效率,其次处理高浓度的恶臭气体,需要对现有工艺进行评估和改进。     

Multifractal characteristics of cylindrical sludge drying

This paper analyzes dewatered sludge drying using the multifractal theory. The drying rates of cylindrical sludge with equal masses but different cross-sectional diameters was studied, from which multifractal parameters such as partition function and quality exponent were obtained. The parameters acquired were used to calculate the multifractal singularity spectrum and indicate the presence of multifractal characteristics. The smaller cross-sectional diameters of the sludge were found to be non-homogeneous, and required quantitative methods to analyze.