胃肠模拟体外法的生理参数对室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯与磷系阻燃剂的生物有效性的影响

室内灰尘吞食暴露是邻苯二甲酸酯与磷系阻燃剂的主要暴露途径,测定室内灰尘中该类有机污染物的生物有效性对其暴露风险评价至关重要.本研究选择胃肠模拟体外方法-生理原理提取法(PBET)法测定室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(Butyl benzyl phthalate,BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)和三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯(Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP)的生物有效性.研究了PBET法中胆盐含量、模拟肠液p H值、液固比及同时摄入奶粉等生理参数对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,4种有机污染物的生物有效性从1.5%(DEHP)到52%(TCEP),随污染物辛醇水分配系数的增加而降低.随着模拟液胆盐含量增加,DBP、BBP与DEHP的生物有效性逐渐增加,并在10 g·L~(-1)附近达到最大值后趋于平稳.TCEP由于其较好的水溶性,生物有效性并未随着胆盐含量的增加而明显变化.奶粉含量的增加则显著增加了DBP、BBP、DEHP和TCEP的生物有效性,在10 g·L~(-1)附近达到最大值后普遍呈现下降趋势.随着液固比的增加,DBP和DEHP的生物有效性显著提升,然而BBP与TCEP的生物有效性却未发生明显改变.在p H 6~8范围内,均未对4种有机物的生物有效性产生显著影响.     

Characterization and classification of complex PAH samples using GC-qMS and GC-TOFMS

The aim of this study was to compare the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents in a number of complex samples, including soil samples from industrial sites, anti-skid sand, urban dust and ash samples from municipal solid waste incinerators. The samples were characterized by routine analysis of PAHs (gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry) and gas chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOFMS). Classification of the samples by principal component analysis (PCA) according to their composition of PAHs revealed that samples associated with traffic and the municipal incinerator formed homogeneous clusters, while the PAH-contaminated soils clustered in separate groups. Using spectral data to resolve co-eluting chromatographic peaks, 962 peaks could be identified in the GC–TOFMS analysis of a pooled sample and 123–527 peaks in the individual samples. Many of the studied extracts included a unique set of chemicals, indicating that they had a much more diverse contamination profile than their PAH contents suggested. Compared to routine analysis, GC–TOFMS provided more detailed information about each sample and in this study a large number of alkylated PAHs were found to be associated with the corresponding unsubstituted PAHs. The possibility to filter peaks according to different criteria (e.g. to include only peaks that were detected in the analysis of another sample) was explored and used to identify unique as well as common compounds within samples. This procedure could prove to be valuable for obtaining relevant chemical data for use in conjunction with results from various biological test systems.     

Distribution patterns of lead in urban soil and dust in Shenyang city, Northeast China

We investigated the spatial distribution of Pb in soil and dust samples collected from 54 sites in Shenyang city, Liaoning province, Northeast China. Soil background Pb concentration was 22 mg kg⁻¹ and control values from non-industrial areas were 33 mg kg⁻¹ for soil and 38 mg kg⁻¹ for dust. Soil Pb concentrations varied widely, ranging from 26 to 2911 mg kg⁻¹, with a mean concentration of 200 mg kg⁻¹, 9 times the background value and 6 times the control value. There was great variation in soil Pb, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.06 and a standard deviation (SD) of 212 mg kg⁻¹. Dust Pb concentrations fluctuated from 20 to 2810 mg kg⁻¹, with a mean value of 220 mg kg⁻¹, almost 6 times the control value. No significant differences in distribution were observed between soil Pb and dust Pb. The highest Pb concentration was observed in Tiexi district in an industrial area. Soil Pb concentration decreased with depth and with distance from the pollution source. Lead concentrations initially changed little but then decreased with distance from the roadside, and were generally higher on the east side of roads than on the west. Lead contents in different categories of urban area differed substantially with dust and soil Pb concentrations decreasing in the sequence: industrial >business >mixed (residential, culture and education)> reference areas.     

大气污染控制中高梯度磁分离技术的研究与应用

本文概述了高梯度磁分离技术在燃煤脱硫除灰、烟气除尘方面的应用与研究进展以及超导磁分离技术在燃煤脱硫方面的研究，并展望了超导磁分离技术在环境保护中的应用前景。     

实验室间呼吸性粉尘中石英含量测定方法的研究

实验室间呼吸性粉尘中石英含量测定方法的研究目的在于研究影响实验室间测定数据差异性的因素 ,探讨改善测试技术提高精度方法 ;其方法是制备 3种试验样品 ,进行实验室间共同测试 ;其测试结果 :7个实验室对 3种样品报告了 6 2个数据 ,2个实验室采用 XRD法、5个采用 IR法 ,3种样品的测试变异性分别为 30 .5 %、16 .1%、6 9% ;其中 XRD为 (2 5 .2～ 6 7) %、IR为 (13.9～5 7) %。本研究课题的最终结论 :实验室间测定数据具有可比性 ,达到国际 80年代水平 ;标准物质应统一 ,制样、测试等技术有待提高。     

炉盖排风罩在精炼炉除尘系统中的应用

介绍了炉盖排风罩在涟钢一炼钢厂 2× 30t钢包精炼炉除尘系统中的应用 ,并将其与传统的炉内捕集式炉盖进行分析比较 ,说明其优越性和推广价值。由于该项技术的使用 ,涟钢一炼钢厂精炼炉除尘系统从根本上解决了环保与生产之间的矛盾 ,运行结果表明 ,各项技术指标均可达到国家标准     

高速涡流镁粉机组粉尘爆炸危险性评估

阐述了高速涡流镁粉机组的生产工艺流程及其构造、分析表明，在正常生产情况下不会发生粉尘爆炸事故。     

综合治理立窑烟尘和有害气体的组合分离器研究

从分析现行技术治理立窑烟尘现状着手,研制一种立窑烟尘和有害气体综合治理的新技术和新设备--双重调节分流口式组合分离器.实验结果表明,双重调节分流口式组合分离器有较高的捕集细粉能力,用近于旋风收尘器的成本,收到近于袋收尘的除尘效果,再施予一定的荷湿条件,能综合治理立窑烟尘和有害气体.     

大型船舶分段喷砂厂房内砂尘处理新工艺

大型船舶分段件金属表面喷砂处理时可产生大量落地砂和扬尘,严重破坏了厂房内工况环境,直接影响厂房的正常使用,即时、快速、连续清除地面落地砂,并进行分类处理,净化厂房空间,降低厂房空间场尘浓度,是实现喷砂厂房高效、连续、洁净、文明生产的关键.大连新船重工集团根据船舶建造不断发展的需要,2002年投巨资新建了2间大型分段件喷砂厂房,在新建的喷砂厂房内采用了当今世界上最先进的砂尘处理新工艺之一,使喷砂产生的落地砂和扬尘得到即时、有效处理,新建喷砂厂房通过3年多的实际使用证明:喷砂厂房砂尘处理新工艺,设计科学、合理、技术先进,效果明显,新工艺为我国各超大型企业厂房内砂尘,烟尘及其他高浓度污染物的清除,环境治理,空气净化,提供了很好的成功经验.     

贵阳市冬季地表灰尘重金属含量动态变化及原因探析

本研究以贵阳市冬季地表灰尘和家庭燃煤为研究对象,分析了贵阳市冬季不同时段地表灰尘重金属含量的动态变化,以及家庭燃煤取暖排放的煤灰与煤尘对环境中重金属的排放影响.结果表明:贵阳市冬季前后不同时段地表灰尘重金属含量的动态变化规律为:As含量在初冬和晚冬时段均大于初春,Cu和Pb含量表现为晚冬初春初冬,Cd、Ni、Zn在3个时段的含量变化不大;冬季地表灰尘中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb累积较重;燃煤中元素As、Cd、Pb、Zn主要富集于煤尘中,Ni、Cu则主要富集于煤灰中.贵阳市地表灰尘在晚冬、初春时段,细粒级灰尘所占质量占比明显高于初冬,而且晚冬灰尘中粗粒级所占质量比最低,3个时段中,晚冬时段灰尘中大部分重金属含量随粒级减小而增大的特征表现得最明显.家庭燃煤排放对地表灰尘中的As、Pb含量有一定的影响.