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991.
基于水土流失的景观格局分析方法 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
景观格局和生态过程是景观生态学研究的重要内容,但是很多研究只重视景观格局的研究,而忽略了生态过程的研究。文章针对水土流失这一重要生态过程,提出了基于水土流失过程的景观坡度指数和景观空间负荷对比指数,并对黄土高原泾河流域15个子流域的景观格局进行了分析,认为泾河流北部各子流域主要以水土流失的"源"景观为主,景观坡度指数大,空间负荷指数小,水土流失风险大;流域南部各子流域上游以"汇"景观为主,坡度指数大,中下游以"源"景观为主,景观空间分布不均衡,存在一定的水土流失风险;流域东部局部子流域主要以水土流失的"汇"景观为主,"源"景观相对较小,"源"-"汇"景观空间分布均衡,水土流失风险小。 相似文献
992.
Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m?2?s?1, respectively, p?.05), and soil dehydrogenase activity was the main microbial factor influencing SR. In addition to the higher soil microbial biomass, the MZ had more β-Proteobacteria than the CZ, as well as some specific bacteria with strong heterotrophic metabolic activity such as Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO2 than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg?1, p?.01), which might lead to the lower microbial decomposition capacity of soils in CZ. As a result, the CZ has a higher soil organic carbon content than the MZ. 相似文献
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995.
Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China 总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27
So MK Miyake Y Yeung WY Ho YM Taniyasu S Rostkowski P Yamashita N Zhou BS Shi XJ Wang JX Giesy JP Yu H Lam PK 《Chemosphere》2007,68(11):2085-2095
A total of 14 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were quantified in river water samples collected from tributaries of the Pearl River (Guangzhou Province, south China) and the Yangtze River (central China). Among the PFCs analyzed, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the two compounds with the highest concentrations. PFOS concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 99 ng/l and <0.01–14 ng/l in samples from the Pearl River and Yangtze River, respectively; whereas those for PFOA ranged from 0.85 to 13 ng/l and 2.0–260 ng/l. Lower concentrations were measured for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfoamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorononaoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA). Concentrations of several perfluorocarboxylic acids, including perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA), perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were lower than the limits of quantification in all the samples analyzed. The highest concentrations of most PFCs were observed in water samples from the Yangtze River near Shanghai, the major industrial and financial centre in China. In addition, sampling locations in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River with a reduced flow rate might serve as a final sink for contaminants from the upstream river runoffs. Generally, PFOS was the dominant PFC found in samples from the Pearl River, while PFOA was the predominant PFC in water from the Yangtze River. Specifically, a considerable amount of PFBS (22.9–26.1% of total PFC analyzed) was measured in water collected near Nanjing, which indicates the presence of potential sources of PFBS in this part of China. Completely different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the Pearl River and the Yangtze River. This indicates the presence of dissimilar sources in these two regions. 相似文献
996.
Loos R Gawlik BM Locoro G Rimaviciute E Contini S Bidoglio G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):561-568
This study provides the first EU-wide reconnaissance of the occurrence of polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters. More than 100 individual water samples from over 100 European rivers from 27 European Countries were analysed for 35 selected compounds, comprising pharmaceuticals, pesticides, PFOS, PFOA, benzotriazoles, hormones, and endocrine disrupters. Around 40 laboratories participated in this sampling exercise. The most frequently and at the highest concentration levels detected compounds were benzotriazole, caffeine, carbamazepine, tolyltriazole, and nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NPE1C). Only about 10% of the river water samples analysed could be classified as “very clean” in terms of chemical pollution. The rivers responsible for the major aqueous emissions of PFOS and PFOA from the European Continent could be identified. For the target compounds chosen, we are proposing “indicative warning levels” in surface waters, which are (for most compounds) close to the 90th percentile of all water samples analysed. 相似文献
997.
do A Kehrig H Seixas TG Palermo EA Baêta AP Castelo-Branco CW Malm O Moreira I 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):10-24
Background, aim, and scope Selenium (Se) has been shown to reduce mercury (Hg) bioavailability and trophic transfer in aquatic ecosystems. The study
of methylmercury (MeHg) and Se bioaccumulation by plankton is therefore of great significance in order to obtain a better
understanding of the estuarine processes concerning Hg and Se accumulation and biomagnification throughout the food web. In
the western South Atlantic, few studies have documented trace element and MeHg in fish tissues. No previous study about trace
elements and MeHg in plankton has been conducted concerning tropical marine food webs. Se, Hg, and MeHg were determined in
two size classes of plankton, microplankton (70–290 μm) and mesoplankton (≥290 μm), and also in muscle tissues and livers
of four fish species of different trophic levels (Mugil liza, a planktivorous fish; Bagre spp., an omnivorous fish; Micropogonias furnieri, a benthic carnivorous fish; and Centropomus undecimalis, a pelagic carnivorous fish) from a polluted estuary in the Brazilian Southeast coast, Guanabara Bay. Biological and ecological
factors such as body length, feeding habits, and trophic transfer were considered in order to outline the relationships between
these two elements. The differences in trace element levels among the different trophic levels were investigated.
Materials and methods Fish were collected from July 2004 to August 2005 at Guanabara Bay. Plankton was collected from six locations within the bay
in August 2005. Total mercury (THg) was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride
as a reducing agent. MeHg analysis was conducted by digesting samples with an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution followed
by dithizone-toluene extraction. MeHg was then identified and quantified in the toluene layer by gas chromatography with an
electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Se was determined by AAS using graphite tube with Pin platform and Zeeman background correction.
Results and discussion Total mercury, MeHg, and Se increased with plankton size class. THg and Se values were below 2.0 and 4.8 μg g−1 dry wt in microplankton and mesoplankton, respectively. A large excess of molar concentrations of Se in relation to THg was
observed in both plankton size class and both fish tissues. Plankton presented the lowest concentrations of this element.
In fish, the liver showed the highest THg and Se concentrations. THg and Se in muscle were higher in Centropomus undecimalis (3.4 and 25.5 nmol g−1) than in Micropogonias furnieri (2.9 and 15.3 nmol g−1), Bagre spp (1.3 and 3.4 nmol g−1) and Mugil liza (0.3 and 5.1 nmol g−1), respectively. The trophic transfer of THg and Se was observed between trophic levels from prey (considering microplankton
and mesoplankton) to top predator (fish). The top predators in this ecosystem, Centropomus undecimalis and Micropogonias furnieri, presented similar MeHg concentrations in muscles and liver. Microplankton presented lower ratios of methylmercury to total
mercury concentration (MeHg/THg) (34%) than those found in mesoplankton (69%) and in the muscle of planktivorous fish, Mugil liza (56%). The other fish species presented similar MeHg/THg in muscle tissue (of around 100%). M. liza showed lower MeHg/THg in the liver than C. undecimalis (35%), M. furnieri (31%) and Bagre spp. (22%). Significant positive linear relationships were observed between the molar concentrations of THg and Se in the
muscle tissue of M. furnieri and M. liza. These fish species also showed significant inverse linear relationships between hepatic MeHg and Se, suggesting a strong
antagonistic effect of Se on MeHg assimilation and accumulation.
Conclusions Differences found among the concentrations THg, MeHg, and Se in microplankton, mesozooplankton, and fishes were probably related
to the preferred prey and bioavailability of these elements in the marine environment. The increasing concentration of MeHg
and Se at successively higher trophic levels of the food web of Guanabara Bay corresponds to a transfer between trophic levels
from the lower trophic level to the top-level predator, suggesting that MeHg and Se were biomagnified throughout the food
web. Hg and Se were positively correlated with the fish standard length, suggesting that larger and older fish bioaccumulated
more of these trace elements. THg, MeHg, and Se were a function of the plankton size.
Recommendations and perspectives There is a need to assess the role of selenium in mercury accumulation in tropical ecosystems. Without further studies of
the speciation of selenium in livers of fishes from this region, the precise role of this element, if any, cannot be verified
in positively affecting mercury accumulation. Further studies of this element in the study of marine species should include
liver samples containing relatively high concentrations of mercury. A basin-wide survey of selenium in fishes is also recommended. 相似文献
998.
Occurrence, sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soils from Chongming Island, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is a concern due to their large usage combining with physico-chemical properties and toxicity to wildlife and human. However, very limited data were reported on HBCDs in soils, especially from rural area. In this study, 22 soil samples were collected from Chongming Island at estuary of the Yangtze River Delta, to investigate the level, diasteroisomer profile, potential sources, and mass inventory of HBCDs. The total concentrations ranged from not detected to 93.8 pg g−1 dry weight (dw) with a mean of 23.3 pg g−1 dw, which was at the low end of the global levels. The wide distribution of HBCDs in soils suggested that the local emissions of HBCD-containing materials and/or the inputs via atmospheric transport from other regions were two possible sources. Variation of HBCDs levels was observed in different types of soils. Woodland, tideland and road soils contained slightly higher HBCDs than those of farmland and grassland. Overall, γ-HBCD was the dominant diasteroisomer in soils, followed by α-HBCD and β-HBCD. Significant but weak correlations were only found between α-HBCD and β-HBCD versus TOC content in soils. Currently, the mass inventory of HBCDs in soils of Chongming Island was 5.3 kg. Based on these data, we gave perspective on human intake of HBCDs via soil ingestion by age. Local resident’s intakes ranged from 15.5 to 97.8 fg kg body weight−1 d−1, in which children are exposed more than adults. 相似文献
999.
九龙江污染物入海通量初步估算 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
河流污染物入海通量的研究是研究海水污染的内容之一。本文对目前常用的河流污染物通量估算方法进行了分析,根据九龙江的水文水质监测数据,选择高锰酸钾指数与NH3-N作为代表性水质监测项目,利用各种估算公式进行污染物入海通量估算,对估算结果进行比较发现部分公式适用性较好。估算结果表明,2003年九龙江污染物入海通量CODMn大约为21 000 t/a,NH3-N大约为2 500 t/a。根据与其他研究结果的对比,探讨了河流污染物入海通量估算的特点,对不足之处作了说明。 相似文献
1000.
介绍了国外流域水环境监测现状,分析了我国流域水环境监测发展概况,提出了金沙江中游流域水环境监测体系建立的必要性,论述了金沙江中游流域水环境监测体系初步构建的设计原则、监测点布设、监测因子筛选、监测系统建设、共享信息平台建设等。 相似文献