Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer’s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of water-saving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bio-economic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer’s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer’s welfare.     

民勤县生态经济功能区划

在分析石羊河流域下游民勤县生态经济系统结构与功能的基础上,建立生态经济功能区划指标体系,利用系统聚类方法对民勤县生态经济系统进行功能区划,将民勤县分为东北部沙盐地灌溉农业区、中心城镇综合发展区、西北部荒漠地生态保护区、东南部生态农业区和中部沿河农林牧业发展区5个功能区,并分析了民勤县各区域生态经济系统的结构与功能特点、改善途径及区域发展方向.     

民勤绿洲种植业结构调整及其对农作物需水量的影响

论文引入虚拟水理论,构建种植业结构调整需水模型,分析近33 a民勤绿洲种植业结构调整对农作物需水量的影响。结果表明：1）民勤绿洲粮食作物、经济作物与其他作物面积比重之比由1978年的84∶12∶4调整为2010年的25∶72∶3。粮食作物播种面积比重的下降主要是由小麦播种面积比重的快速减少所致。2）民勤绿洲农作物需水总量由1978年的2.15×10⁸ m³增加到2010年的2.49×10⁸ m³,粮食作物和经济作物需水总量之比由1978年的88∶12变化为2010年的31∶69。3）民勤绿洲种植业结构调整的生态节水效应在不同时段存在差异,1979—1998年,种植业结构调整对于农作物需水而言,未起到节水作用;1999—2008年,种植业结构调整的节水效果明显;2009—2010年,种植业结构的进一步调整导致需水量的快速增加,未起到节水作用。单位面积需水量较高的蔬菜、小麦、玉米等5种农作物面积比重之和的大小对节水效果起到决定性作用。     

Water shortage and inequality in arid Minqin oasis of northwest China: adaptive policies and farmers’ perceptions

Minqin oasis, located at the lower reaches of the Shiyang River in northwest China, is one of the driest regions in the world. Severe water shortage has exacerbated the vulnerability of local ecosystems and the agricultural livelihood of farmers, and ecological failure threatens the environmental security of the region. Since 2007 China has implemented a range of strategic programmes and policies on water management which involve governments at all levels and include a diversity of adaptive actions in this region. However, rural households do not benefit equally from the policies and programmes. This study addresses two questions: first, how are inequality issues addressed in water-related policies and programmes? And second, what demographic and socio-economic factors at the household level are significantly related to the inequality in benefit sharing arisen from the implementation of these policies? The study employs a mixed method approach, integrating a qualitative approach that investigates policy documents with a quantitative approach that analyses primary data collected from a household survey in Minqin in 2012. The study finds that there are inadequate financial and instrumental resources put in place to address the causes of inequality. Unequal holdings of household capital, especially social capital and political status, significantly influences whether or not farmers can benefit from the water-related policies and schemes as practiced in the study area. Addressing the root causes of unequal benefits from water-related policies is urgent if China aims to achieve policy goals and sustainable development in this ecologically vulnerable region.     

民勤地区大震、古地理和沙尘暴的关系

民勤地区是中国沙尘暴发生年频次最高的地区。本文讨论了干旱、地震、古湖泊和风线对民勤地区沙尘暴形成所产生的综合作用。强地震破坏了土壤颗粒的团聚性,古湖泊环境提供了沙土混杂的地表层,风线决定了沙尘暴的飞扬和运移。     

荒漠绿洲调亏灌溉条件下辣椒耗水规律研究

以陇椒2号和美国红为试验材料,在民勤荒漠绿洲大田条件下研究了辣椒的耗水规律、产量、水分利用效率和生物量对调亏灌溉的响应。结果表明,辣椒耗水量与灌水量显著正相关,制干专用品种美国红的耗水量(434.63 mm)显著小于鲜食品种陇椒2号(482.10 mm)。两品种耗水强度均表现为结果盛期>定植—坐果期>结果末期,美国红3个时期各处理的平均耗水强度分别为4.30、3.89、2.82 mm/d,陇椒2号分别为4.85、4.03、3.57 mm/d。耗水模数表现为结果盛期>定植—坐果期>结果末期(结果盛期调亏处理除外),充分灌水条件下,两品种耗水模数相当,3个生育期分别约为46%、40%、14%,各生育期进行调亏灌溉均会显著降低其耗水强度和耗水模数,结果盛期最为明显。产量和生物量对结果盛期中度和重度调亏灌溉最为敏感,其次为定植—坐果期重度调亏,美国红产量分别较对照降低25.24%、40.71%、14.17%,单株生物量分别降低7.43、14.18、21.38 g;陇椒2号产量分别降低22.93%、32.37%、16.77%,生物量分别降低9.15、15.87、23.34 g。定植—坐果期中度调亏对产量和生物量的影响均不显著,产量水分利用效率分别增加0.51 kg·m^-3和0.40 kg·m^-3,因此,在定植—坐果期进行中度调亏灌溉(土壤相对含水量为55%~65% θ_f, θ_f指田间持水量),其他生育期充分灌水(土壤相对含水量为75%~85% θ_f),可以实现节水高效。     

民勤绿洲退耕地土壤微生物群落结构与功能多样性特征

为明确退耕阶段对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响,选取3个不同退耕阶段的荒漠绿洲区土壤为研究对象,通过宏基因组测序技术来研究不同阶段退耕地中土壤微生物群落的结构和功能多样性特征.结果表明,3个阶段退耕地土壤中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）的相对丰度存在显著差异,为优势菌门.与退耕前期相比,退耕修复后期增加了群体感应、卟啉与叶绿素代谢、泛酸盐和辅酶A生物合成以及苯乙烯降解的功能基因比例,且相对丰度存在显著差异（P<0.05）,表明不同退耕阶段改变了土壤微生物群落营养循环与能量代谢的功能潜力.RDA结果表明电导率（EC）、速效钾（AK）和全氮（TN）对土壤微生物功能组成具有显著影响,其中EC对微生物功能组成的影响最大.不同退耕阶段对土壤微生物群落结构和功能组成多样性具有显著影响,在民勤绿洲退耕地生态修复中,微生物群落结构和功能组成对不同阶段的土壤修复敏感性可综合相关指标进行考虑.     

Who is in the Lower Reaches, Who Suffers Disasters？ Take Minqin County, a Disappearing Oasis as a Case

Minqin Oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Shiyanghe River Basin, northeast of the Heixi Corridor, at the middle of the Silk Road. Because of the its existence, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert cannot converge and develop in the south. It has always been an important green barrier to guarantee the eco-security of Hexi Corridor and the Silk Road for thousands of years. But in recent decades, Minqin Oasis is becoming smaller and the desert is becoming larger. Many people, especially the governmental officials in the lower reaches think that the upper and middle reaches have robbed the lower reaches of water resources, and caused insufficient water usage and the deteriorated eco-environment, in the lower reaches, However, the governmental officials in the upper and middle reaches claim that the whole river basin should take the upper and middle reaches as the key regions to develop economy. To address the above argument, we analyze the reasons why Minqin Oasis is disappearing, and find that there are two main factors. One is the quick development of population and economy in the upper and middle reaches; the other is the rapid development of population and economy in the lower reaches. The two factors both have great effect on the water utilization for eco-environment in the lower reaches. So Minqin Oasis is disappearing not only because of the upper and middle reaches but also because of the growth of population and economy itself. The lower reaches should not completely blame the upper and middle reaches. The upper and middle reaches should also pay more attention to the eco-environment in the lower reaches. The whole river basin should develop a harmonious and sustainable relationship among the upper, middle and lower reaches.     

民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘特征研究

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统进行沙尘暴监测,分析民勤沙尘源区近地面降尘分布特征.结果表明:民勤降尘量与沙尘天气发生频率密切相关,春季3,4月沙尘高发期月降尘量分别为9.0和9.5 mg/cm2.降尘随距地面高度的增加而减小,最大降尘出现在近地面1 m处,月降尘量为9.7 mg/cm2;降尘受下垫面条件影响较大,从荒漠区到绿洲边缘,风速减弱4.11%,总降尘量由25.0 mg/cm2减少到20.6 mg/cm2;绿洲内部受防护林作用,风速减弱30.45%,总降尘量增到24.6 mg/cm2,最大降尘量提高到近地面9 m处,与绿洲防护林冠层平均高度相吻合.风速对近地面20m内的降尘影响明显,平均降尘量2.5 mg/cm2.距地面9 m的高度范围内,降尘随持续时间变化迅速增加,降尘增量可达3.1 mg/cm2.      

民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度变化特征初探

借助近地面沙尘暴监测系统对民勤沙尘源区不同沙尘天气的气溶胶浓度进行了监测,初步分析了民勤近地面沙尘暴气溶胶浓度的变化特征.结果表明:沙尘暴气溶胶浓度春季最高,为14.61 mg·m-3;夏季逐渐降低,为12.49 mg·m-3;秋季无沙尘暴出现,气溶胶浓度最小;冬季趋于回升,可达9.82 mg·m-3,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度季节变化与沙尘暴发生频率相一致.不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘气溶胶浓度表现为强沙尘暴最大,为18.80 mg·m-3;中沙尘暴次之,为13.56 mg·m-3;扬沙浮沉天气较小,只有3.07 mg·m一.随着沙漠向绿洲的过渡,沙尘暴气溶胶浓度明显降低,沙漠、绿洲边缘、绿洲3个下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度依次为21.07 mg·m-3、12.09 mg·m-3、6.49 mg·m-3.沙尘暴气溶胶浓度随观测高度变化遵循幂函数规律,浓度梯度变幅表现为沙尘暴高发季节大于低峰季节,沙尘暴天气大于扬沙浮尘天气,沙漠下垫面大于绿洲下垫面;不同下垫面条件下沙尘暴气溶胶浓度在41 m高度处趋于一致,表明沙尘源区的沙尘浓度在约40 m范围内受地面影响较为显著.