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101.
Colin D. Brown Wendy van Beinum 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(12):3314-3324
Transport of pesticides from point of application via sub-surface drains can contribute significantly to contamination of surface waters. Results of 23 field drainage experiments undertaken at sites across Europe were collated and analysed by residual maximum likelihood. Both maximum concentration of pesticide in drainflow (n = 167) and seasonal loss of pesticide to drains (n = 97) were significantly related to strength of pesticide sorption to soil, half-life of the pesticide in soil, the interval between application and first drainflow and the clay content of the soil. The statistical models accounted for 71% of the variability in both maximum concentration and seasonal load. Next, the dataset was used to evaluate the current methodology for assessment of aquatic exposure used in pesticide registration in Europe. Simulations for seven compounds with contrasting properties showed a good correspondence with field measurements. Finally, the review examines management approaches to reduce pesticide transport via sub-surface drains. Despite a large amount of work in this area, there are few dependable mitigation options other than to change application rate or timing or to restrict use of a compound in the most vulnerable situations. 相似文献
102.
This article re-conceptualizes Climate Policy Integration (CPI) in the land use sector to highlight the need to assess the level of integration of mitigation and adaptation objectives and policies to minimize trade-offs and to exploit synergies. It suggests that effective CPI in the land use sector requires i) internal climate policy coherence between mitigation and adaptation objectives and policies; ii) external climate policy coherence between climate change and development objectives; iii) vertical policy integration to mainstream climate change into sectoral policies and; iv) horizontal policy integration by overarching governance structures for cross-sectoral coordination. This framework is used to examine CPI in the land use sector of Indonesia. The findings indicate that adaptation actors and policies are the main advocates of internal policy coherence. External policy coherence between mitigation and development planning is called for, but remains to be operationalized. Bureaucratic politics has in turn undermined vertical and horizontal policy integration. Under these circumstances it is unlikely that the Indonesian bureaucracy can deliver strong coordinated action addressing climate change in the land use sector, unless sectoral ministries internalize a strong mandate on internal and external climate policy coherence and find ways to coordinate policy action effectively. 相似文献
103.
The effects of a single fertilizer treatment (ammonium phosphate at 841 kg/ha, plus dolomite at 336 kg/ha) and cattle exclusion were studied in two meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California in the USA. Grazing exclusion had no effects on soil bulk density during the three years of the study. Fertilization had no effect on total soil nitrogen, soil pH, or crude protein concentrations in graminoids or forbs. Saturated soils and the development of anaerobic conditions close to the surface may have led to denitrification and the loss of usable nitrogen. Fertilization did result in short-term (one- to two-year) increases in available soild phosphorus in the drier of the two meadows, and in total phosphorus concentrations in graminoids and forbs, which were otherwise generally deficient in phosphorus. Few changes in plant species composition or production were detected, although a combination of fertilization and grazing exclusion increased forb production in the drier meadow. Based on our initial results, fertilization with phosphorus was the recommended treatment for meadow improvement projects in the central Sierra Nevada. 相似文献
104.
中小企业融资现状及对策探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
融资困难始终是困扰中小企业发展的难题.从中小企业融资途径入手,系统地分析了中小企业融的问题,进而从企业方面、金融机构方面和政府三个角度提出相关的措施. 相似文献
105.
Thomas J. Wilbanks Jayant Sathaye 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):957-962
Integrating mitigation and adaptation (M&A) is a practical reality for climate change response policy, despite a range of
conceptual and methodological challenges. Based on the papers in this special issue, some preliminary findings about appropriate
integrated portfolios are offered, along with several implications for climate policy. 相似文献
106.
Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
Cynthia Rosenzweig Francesco Nicola Tubiello 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):855-873
As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one of the key
human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production in the coming decades may keep pace
with the food requirements of a growing world population, climate change might worsen existing regional disparities because
it will reduce crop yields mostly in lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies
to enhance local adaptation capacity are therefore needed to minimize climatic impacts and to maintain regional stability
of food production. At the same time, agriculture as a sector offers several opportunities to mitigate the portion of global
greenhouse gas emissions that are directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, and land-management techniques. This
paper reviews issues of agriculture and climate change, with special attention to adaptation and mitigation. Specifically,
as adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture are implemented to alleviate the potential negative effects of climate
change, key synergies need to be identified, as mitigation practices may compete with modifications to local agricultural
practices aimed at maintaining production and income. Under future climate and socio-economic pressures, land managers and
farmers will be faced with challenges in regard to selecting those mitigation and adaptation strategies that together meet
food, fiber and climate policy requirements. 相似文献
107.
Community and farm forestry climate mitigation projects: case studies from Uttaranchal,India 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
N. Hooda M. Gera K. Andrasko J. Sathaye M. K. Gupta H. B. Vasistha M. Chandran S. S. Rassaily 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1099-1130
The methodologies for forest mitigation projects still present challenges to project developers for fulfillment of criteria
within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or other such mechanisms for the purpose of earning carbon credits. This paper
systematically approaches the process of establishing carbon (C) stocks for baseline (BSL) and mitigation scenario (MSL) for
two case studies i.e., community and farm forestry projects in Uttaranchal, India. The analysis of various interventions shows that both projects present high carbon mitigation
potential. However, the C reversibility risk is lower in long-rotation pine and mixed species plantation on community lands.
The project is financially viable though not highly lucrative but the carbon mitigation potential in this ‘restoration of
degraded lands’ type of project is immense provided challenges in the initial phase are adequately overcome. C revenue is
an essential driver for investors in community projects. The short-rotation timber species such as Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus), Poplar (Populus) have high internal rates of return (IRR) and high carbon benefit reversibility potential due to fluctuations in market prices
of commodities produced. The land holdings are small and bundling is desired for projects to achieve economies of scale. The
methodological concerns such as sampling intensities, monitoring methodologies, sharing of benefits with communities and bundling
arrangements for projects need further research to make these projects viable. 相似文献
108.
109.
Marsh creation is currently receiving wide attention in the United States as an important tool for mitigating the impacts of development in coastal wetlands. The perception that there is no net loss in valuable coastal wetlands when development is mitigated by the creation of man-made marshes can have a substantial impact on the permitting and decision-making processes. The effective result may be the trading of natural salt marshes for man-made marshes.Techniques for marsh creation were developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers to enhance and stabilize dredge spoil materials. Most research sponsored by the Corps has been directed at determining whether these goals have been accomplished. A survey of the research indicates that there is insufficient evidence to conclude that man-made marshes function like natural salt marshes or provide the important values of natural marshes. It is necessary, therefore, for decision-makers to understand the limitations of present knowledge about man-made marshes, realistically evaluate the trade-offs involved, and relegate mitigation to its proper role in the permitting process—post facto conditions imposed on developments that clearly meet state qualifications and policies. 相似文献
110.
Charles W. Slaughter Charles H. Racine Donald A. Walker Larry A. Johnson Gunars Abele 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):63-72
Use of off-road vehicles (ORVs) in permafrost-affected terrain of Alaska has increased sharply over the past two decades.
Until the early 1960s, most ORV use was by industry or government, which employed heavy vehicles such as industrial tractors
and tracked carriers. Smaller, commercial ORVs became available in the 1960s, with the variety and number in use rapidly increasing.
Wheeled and tracked ORVs, many used exclusively for recreation or subsistence harvesting by individuals, are now ubiquitous
in Alaska. This increased use has led to concern over the cumulative effects of such vehicles on vegetation, soils, and environmental
variables including off-site values.
Factors affecting impact and subsequent restoration include specific environmental setting; vegetation; presence and ice content
of permafrost; microtopography; vehicle design, weight, and ground pressure; traffic frequency; season of traffic; and individual
operator practices. Approaches for mitigating adverse effects of ORVs include regulation and zoning, terrain analysis and
sensitivity mapping, route selection, surface protection, and operator training.
We regret the untimely death of Gunars Abele on August 27, 1989; he was a valued colleague and good friend. 相似文献