东南沿海生物气溶胶的扩散模拟研究

将沿海扩散模式OCD与区域输送模式相嵌套,集成在区域空气质量模拟系统RegAQMS中,由天气研究和预报模式WRF提供气象场,大气边界层模式计算湍流场和边界层特征参数,并引入生物气溶胶的干湿沉积、生物学衰变、温度和湿度衰减、紫外辐射衰减等过程,使得RegAQMS具备模拟生物气溶胶浓度分布的能力.利用改进后的RegAQMS,以2008年7、8月为例,针对东南沿海地区,进行了口蹄疫病毒生物气溶胶扩散有关物理和生物过程的敏感性试验,对地面口蹄疫病毒浓度进行模拟和风险等级评估.敏感性试验表明,考虑干湿沉积、温度、湿度和生物学衰减过程之后,7、8月地面病毒平均浓度(≥0.01μg.m-3的网格点平均)分别减小61.9%和65.6%,污染区面积分别减小25.6%和50.1%,温度衰减是影响夏季病毒浓度的最主要过程,生物学衰减和干湿沉积也起着较大的作用,湿度衰减的影响很小.风险和感染评估结果表明,在与前人研究类似的源释放条件下,研究区域大部分为低等风险区和安全区,高等风险区以上的面积较小,呈条状分布在两个主要风频的下风向,7月和8月的风险区面积分别占整个区域面积的61.6%和54.2%,感染区面积占整个区域面积的不到1%.受海洋大气和海峡地形作用的影响,流场规则、日风向变化和水平湍流强度小,这些是引起病毒较高传播风险和感染的主要原因.     

垦殖对桂林会仙喀斯特湿地土壤养分与微生物活性的影响

选择桂林会仙喀斯特湿地不同垦殖方式的土壤为研究对象,通过研究原生沼泽湿地及其开垦21 a的水田和旱地0~40 cm不同深度的土壤理化性质、微生物数量、酶活性、微生物呼吸等变化趋势,以揭示垦殖对会仙喀斯特湿地土壤质量的影响.结果表明：①垦殖导致会仙喀斯特湿地土壤呈现偏酸性和养分含量降低的趋势,垦殖后土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、速效氮（AN）、全磷（TP）、速效磷（AP）、全钾（TK）和速效钾（AK）总体上趋于减小,并且表层土壤减小的趋势最为显著.②垦殖改变了土壤微生物数量分布的相对比例关系,水田土壤的细菌和放线菌数量最高,而土壤真菌数量则在旱地最高（P<0.001）.③垦殖降低了各土层蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,在旱地的数值最低.④垦殖后土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）、基础呼吸（BR）、呼吸势（PR）和微生物熵（qMB）总体上均趋于减小,代谢熵（qCO₂）在湿地表现为先增大后减小的趋势,而在水田和旱地则一致表现为逐渐升高的趋势.各土层的MBC、MBN、BR、PR和qMB普遍呈现出湿地 > 水田 > 旱地的趋势.qCO₂在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层表现为湿地 > 水田 > 旱地,而在20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层则表现为旱地 > 水田 > 湿地.综上,垦殖显著降低了土壤的微生物活性,土壤质量呈现下降趋势,对旱地土壤影响较为严重.在会仙喀斯特湿地生态恢复过程中,应减少垦殖旱地和水田的面积,退耕恢复湿地面积.     

夜间近地表臭氧观测

2018年12月15~18日使用激光雷达在河北望都观测气溶胶与O₃,利用气溶胶消光系数廓线判断边界层的变化,进而研究大气边界层对于近地表层（300m）O₃浓度的影响.结果表明,边界层主要影响O₃的干沉降以及高空O₃的垂直输送,在受本地污染控制时,近地表O₃浓度受干沉降控制明显,随着边界层高度的下降而减少;西北地区气团占主导时,O₃浓度主要受水平传输以及高空垂直输送影响.     

2005~2017年全球大气边界层SO2时空变化

使用2005~2017年遥感数据研究了全球大气边界层SO₂时空分布特征及变化趋势.结果表明：空间分布上SO₂呈现空间异质性,大气高SO₂柱量值集中在以火山喷发为代表的自然源区域和以工业排放为代表的人为源及附近区域;一、二、三级SO₂柱量值在全球范围内整体呈现纬度地带性分布特征,北半球受人为影响较为明显,分界线在陆地区域向南凸出,海洋上向北凹陷,而南半球受人为影响较小,分界线呈现与纬线平行趋势;2005~2017年全球大气边界层SO₂单元栅格年均值整体呈现先增后减趋势,火山喷发导致2008、2009、2011年夏季出现了明显的波动,其余季节无显著变化;全球范围内大气边界层SO₂年内变化,伴随太阳直射点南北移动,2005~2014年一级SO₂柱量值延纬向对称轴的纬度,除10~12月份外,其余月份与对应月15日太阳赤纬基本吻合.     

Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs)

Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells(SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study.Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032 mW/m~2 and COD degradation of 47.3% were obtained in the case of an interface pore size of 0.28 μm. The findings in this study are of significance to promote the future practical application of SSMFCs in wastewater treatment plants.     

Optimization of the high-pressure, near-critical liquid-based microsortation of recyclable post-consumer plastics

High-pressure, near-critical liquids were used as float-sink separation media for the microsortation of polyolefin mixtures and PET/PVC mixtures. Near-critical carbon dioxide was used for the refinement of the polyolefins, and sulfur hexafluoride was used to separate post-consumer PVC from PET. Preliminary experiments indicated that there was no overlap in the density ranges of post-consumer HDPE, LDPE and PP containers. There was no overlap in the PET and PVC densities, with the exception of a single PVC packaging material with a density in the PET range. These initial results indicated that a float-sink separation was a viable means of microsortation. Separations of 91% LDPE (1/8′ beads)/9% PP (1/8′ chopped strands) resin mixtures and mixed post-consumer polyolefin flakes were then conducted in a laboratory-scale, 1-I batch apparatus. This apparatus not only permitted the observation of the separation, but also enabled the separated fractions to be removed from the high-pressure environment. The results indicated that LDPE purity of greater than 98.9% was obtained in 3 min or less if (a) the fluid density was 0.018 g/cm³ greater than the PP density and only 0.002 g/cm³ less than the LDPE density, thereby providing the greatest buoyancy force for the removal of the PP, (b) the fluid was recirculated upward through the bed of mixed plastics, facilitating the upward movement of the PP, and (c) the loading was kept at levels below 40% by volume. HDPE purity of 99% was also attained with clean, dry, post-consumer mixed plastic flakes. The loadings for these separations were very low, however, due to the difficulty in agitating the mixed bed of plastics using fluid recirculation. An economic analysis of these microsortation processes indicated that the value of the sorted plastics relative to the mixed feed must increase by approx. $0.08/lb for the CO₂-based separation and approx. $0.27/lb for the SF₆-based separation to justify the implementation of these high-pressure processes.     

恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞壁膜系统的Cu2+吸附性能

对1株从电镀废水中分离出的革兰氏阴性菌恶臭假单胞菌P.putida 5-x的细胞表面组分对Cu²⁺的吸附性能进行了分析研究.结果表明,分离的P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜的Cu²⁺吸附容量是完整细胞的5倍之多.细胞表面组分如肽聚糖层、细胞外膜和细胞内膜在P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜的Cu²⁺吸附过程中都发挥了作用.肽聚糖层、细胞外膜和内膜在P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜中的含量依次为细胞内膜>外膜>肽聚糖层,而它们的Cu²⁺吸附容量的大小依次为肽聚糖层>外膜>内膜.在P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜对Cu²⁺的吸附过程中,肽聚糖层贡献了不到15%的吸附容量,而细胞外膜和内膜分别贡献了30%～35%和25%～30%.P.putida 5-x细胞外膜中的磷脂含量明显比其它报道的革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞外膜高,这可能是P.putida 5-x细胞外膜具有较高Cu²⁺吸附容量的主要原因,并由此导致P.putida 5-x细胞壁膜的高Cu2+吸附容量.     

隧道内偏置火源顶棚近壁面温度边界层效应研究

基于隧道火灾不同横向火源位置的非对称卷吸影响,通过模拟计算分析了中心火源和偏置火源产生的烟气沿纵向最大温升变化规律,研究了顶棚下方近壁面区域内的不同温度分布,提出偏置火源纵向空间最大顶棚温升公式。结果表明:在壁面黏性作用下,沿纵向蔓延的烟气最高温度在顶棚下方呈现“温度边界层”分布;随着火源位置的偏移,下游出现偏置距离起主导作用影响温度衰减的区域,衰减速度相较于中心火源逐渐降低;火源下游近壁面最高温度位置逐渐远离顶棚后趋于稳定。研究结果对于排烟方式的设计以及空间通风效果的提升有着重要意义。     

Smoldering combustion of dust layer on hot surface

The critical temperature as well as the critical flux for ignition of a dust layer of cornflour and a mixture of wheatflour and cornflour (80% wheatflour+20% cornflour) on a hot plate have been determined. The moulded sample was cylindrical in shape and of different heights and diameters. The particle size of dusts ranged between 63 μm to 150 μm. The temperature–time histories for self-heating without ignition and with ignition are offered, showing the critical boundaries between them. Also the times to ignition for each dust, showing the effect of sample size on their values, are determined. Certain experimental correlations which relate to times to ignition, as well as the critical temperature for ignition and thermal and geometrical dimensions of sample are presented.     

油层注水过程中水质不合要求的危害及保护措施

分析了油田在二次采油注水过程中,对水质的要求,讨论了水质不合格带来的危害并提出了保护措施.