水厂快滤过程动态模型的建立与识别

作为构建国家饮用水安全风险评估框架的一部分 ,开发了一种用于风险评估的水厂快滤过程动态模型。该模型通过对扩散、生物降解、吸附、脱附和反冲洗等过程的概化 ,建立了可模拟不同污染物的普适性水厂快滤动态模型。本模型以实际水厂的现场监测数据为依托 ,以CODMn、氨氮、浊度和微生物为例对模型进行了率定。结果表明模型较好地吻合了实际快滤过程。该模型将可有效地应用于评估不同过滤过程去除各种污染物的风险 ,以及识别饮用水安全风险关键控制点的工作。     

Temporal variability of bioavailable Cd,Hg, Zn,Mn and Al in an upwelling regime

Monthly variability of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn and Al concentrations in mussels (Mytilus californianus) soft tissue and brown seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) was studied at a pristine rocky shore off San Quintin Bay, Baja California, México. The results were related to climatic and hydrographic conditions and to the physiological state of the mussels (condition index) by correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). A "normalization" to account for the variability induced by the physiological state of the mussel was performed. The PCA was performed in two ways to relate the environmental variables and the condition index to: (1) the metal concentrations in mussels, and (2) the "normalized" mussel concentrations. The association of the variability of Cd with the upwelling season was revealed in both PCAs. The temporal variability of this metal in mussels was highly correlated to that in seaweed, suggesting that the dissolved phase determined the variability of Cd in mussels. However, for Hg, Zn, Mn and Al the results from both PCAs were different. The first PCA showed the relationship of these metals to pluvial precipitation and to the condition index. The PCA for the normalized mussel concentrations showed that, after eliminating the effect of the condition index, only Al was related to pluvial precipitation. Manganese, and to a less degree Zn, were related to these metals in seaweed. Because zinc is an essential element in mussels, some regulation of their internal concentrations is likely. Mercury was not detected in seaweed, but because of its reactive nature, it is not expected that the dissolved fraction could be a significant pathway; therefore, it can be concluded that its temporal variability was determined by the variability in the condition index only.     

三相鼓泡塔生物反应器培养黄孢原毛平革菌合成木素过氧化物酶系

利用三相鼓泡塔反应器固定化培养黄孢原毛平革菌，可以高效地合成木素过氧化物酶系，固定化载体为聚氨酯泡沫塑料．实验表明，合成木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最佳通气量均是1．0vvm。在此通气量下，最大木素过氧化物酶的酶活达367U/L，最大锰过氧化物酶的酶活达4．72U／mL。在使用相同的培养基和固定化载体单位体积用量条件下，与摇瓶培养相比，酶活分别增大1倍和1．2倍．一定条件下，在三相鼓泡塔中可以进行重复间歇培养生产木素过氧化物酶，连续进行了5批培养，每批最大木素过氧化物酶的活力均在250U／L以上，最高酶活出现在第二批为480U／L，总培养时间达22d．图9参15     

活性炭纤维阴极增强电-KMnO4去除水中双氯芬酸

为考察单独活性炭纤维（ACF）,高锰酸钾（PM）,电化学（E）,电-高锰酸钾（E-PM）,活性炭纤维-高锰酸钾（ACF-PM）以及电-活性炭纤维阴极-高锰酸钾体系（E-ACF-PM）对水中双氯芬酸的降解效果,研究了电流强度,溶液初始pH值对E-ACF-PM体系去除水中双氯芬酸的影响,通过ACF表面形态分析,自由基捕获实验,络合反应等探索了E-ACF-PM体系的反应机理.结果表明,在E-ACF-PM体系中电化学（E-ACF）和PM之间有明显的协同作用,双氯芬酸被快速去除.随着电流强度增加（50~200mA）,双氯芬酸去除率增大;pH值增大,体系对双氯芬酸的去除效果越差,pH值为11时去除率仅为31.70%.与ACF-PM体系相比,E-ACF-PM体系阴极电场可以保护ACF不被破坏,同时吸附在ACF上的Mn （VII）得到电子,快速转化成活性氧化剂Mn （III）,实现对目标污染物的快速去除.     

深圳市饮用水源中CODMn与TOC的相关性研究

通过对深圳市饮用水源中CODMn和TOC测定结果的相关性分析,结果表明,水库内监测点位及监测区域CODMn与TOC相关性良好,水库外监测点位及监测区域CODMn与TOC相关性不显著,而整个监测区域的CODMn与总有机碳相关性令人满意。因此,提出了TOC值可直接作为饮用水源在线监测有机污染物的综合评价指标,同时也实现了湿式氧化法测定TOC在地表水监测中的应用。     

Acidification of a solonetzic soil by nitrogenous fertilizers

Abstract

Annual applications of (NH₄)₂SO₄ NH₄NO₃ and urea on a Solonetzic soil at 112 kg N/ha for 10 consecutive years reduced pH levels from 5.6 for the check to 4.4, 4.9 and 5.3, respectively for (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃ and urea. (NH₄)₂SO₄ generated twice as much exchange acidity as NH₄NO₃ and four times as much as urea. Net extractable cations leached from the Ap horizon closely approximated the amount of exchange acidity generated by (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃ fertilizers. The levels of soil extractable Al and Mn were greatly enhanced by (NH₄)₂SO₄ as were plant contents. Similar acidifying effects to that produced by the (NH₄)₂SO₄ occurred when NH₄NO₃ was applied at 300 kg N/ha annually for 12 consecutive years in another field experiment on the same soil. Liming samples of the field (NH₄)₂SO₄ acidified soils in the greenhouse, significantly increased yields and lowered the Al and Mn contents of the plants to normal levels.     

低分子量有机化合物对MnO_2和土壤氧化锰的还原溶解作用

为考察土壤锰氧化物的还原溶解行为,本文选取常见的根系分泌的8种有机酸(抗坏血酸、香草酸、柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸、水杨酸、半胱氨酸和邻苯二甲酸)和1种酚类化合物(邻苯二酚),人工合成的Mn O2和5种富含氧化锰的土壤(广东徐闻的砖红壤、海南澄迈的砖红壤、云南昆明的砖红壤、浙江嵊县的红壤和江苏南京的黄棕壤),研究了有机化合物对氧化锰的还原溶解作用.结果表明,较低p H和较高温度有利于有机化合物对Mn O2的还原溶解.在p H 4.5—5.5和温度5—45℃范围内,不同有机化合物还原溶解Mn O2能力的大小顺序为:邻苯二酚半胱氨酸抗坏血酸香草酸柠檬酸草酸≈酒石酸水杨酸≈邻苯二甲酸.邻苯二酚、半胱氨酸和抗坏血酸对土壤中氧化锰也有较强的还原溶解能力.当5种土壤比较时,徐闻砖红壤中还原溶解出的锰量最高,其次为昆明砖红壤,嵊县红壤中还原溶解出的锰量最小.当有还原性有机化合物存在时徐闻砖红壤、昆明砖红壤和澄迈砖红壤中的氧化锰容易发生还原溶解反应,增加土壤中可溶态和交换态Mn2+的含量,并可能对植物产生锰毒害.     

硫素对氧化还原条件下水稻土氧化铁和砷形态影响

通过充N2和充O2的氧化还原反应装置,在添加外源砷污染的水稻土中,施用不同形态的无机硫(不施硫S0,单质硫S1和硫酸盐S2),模拟水稻田的氧化还原状况.结果表明,通N2时,土壤溶液氧化还原电位(Eh)在-100~-200 mV之间,溶液pH在7.0~8.0之间,pe+pH为4~7之间;通O2时,溶液Eh在200mV左右,溶液pH在6.5~7.5之间,pe+pH为9~12之间.无论通N2还是通O2,土壤溶出铁的浓度在1.2~1.6 mg·L-1,均有处理S0>S1>S2和AsS0>AsS1>AsS2.在通N2时,各处理HCl提取土壤氧化铁的含量比原土[(21.4±0.3)g·kg-1]低5 g·kg-1,有利于结晶态氧化铁向无定形氧化铁转化和形成Fe2+,无定形氧化铁活化度比原土活化度46.8%有所增加,且处理AsS2(49.4%)AsS2(36.1%).通N2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化为AsS0[(1.13±0.04)mg·L-1]>AsS1[(0.89±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.77±0.04)mg·L-1];通O2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化AsS1[(0.77±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS0[(0.20±0.09)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.09±0.01)mg·L-1].通N2时,不同处理各形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(34.9%~41.4%)≈专性吸附态(37.4%~39.5%)>晶态铁锰结合态(23.3%~25.6%)>非专性吸附态(2.4%~3.3%)>无定形铁锰结合态(0.5%~0.8%).通O2时,各处理形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(30.8%~39.3%)≈专性吸附态(30.3%~34.7%)>晶态铁锰结合态(26.0%~28.7%)>无定形铁锰结合态(9.3%~10.7%)>非专性吸附态(0.5%~1.6%),其中,无定形铁锰氧化物结合态砷比通N2时提高了约9%,也就是无定形铁锰的老化作用对砷形态转化的影响.这表明还原条件能够使氧化铁的活化度升高,砷的移动性增强,但硫酸盐体系降低氧化铁的活化度,单质硫体系的砷移动性要大于硫酸盐体系的砷移动性.     

THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL CIRCULATION ON A SMALL NORTHEASTERN IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT: Artificial circulation was applied at East Sidney Lake, a small, eutrophic impoundment in New York, to improve the water quality of the reservoir and tailwater. Treatment was successful at both reducing the stability of the reservoir and maintaining higher mean oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters. Discharge waters had lower metals and phosphorus concentrations during treatment years. However, vertical temperature differences, although minimal, were still sufficient to permit chemical stratification and some phosphorus release from the sediments. Frequent mixing events during periods of low stability, and runoff from storm events, also appeared to increase transport of phosphorus into the epilimnion. Overall, treatment did not result in decreases in algal populations or improvements in water clarity.     

利用二维模型求解太湖水质CODMn的研究

在二维黎曼近似解模型的基础上建立了太湖水质预测模型，并运用该模型对太湖的水质指标CODMn了模拟。模拟的结果跟太湖各监测站的测量值相接近，表明该模型能较好的运用于太湖的水质预测。