新版GB/T28001的主要变化

介绍了GB／T28001—2001标准修订的背景及修订原则,解读了新版标准的主要变化。     

T型氧化沟工艺处理低碳源生活污水的效果研究

详细介绍了T型氧化沟工艺的特征,并考察研究了该工艺处理低碳源生活污水的长期运行效果。研究结果表明,工艺出水COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和TP年平均浓度分别为13.9、3.8、0.91、18.80和1.67 mg/L,去除率分别为88.99%、94.37%、96.74%、37.57%和41.58%,均能达到相应的排放标准。由于T型氧化沟中以好氧环境为主,缺乏厌氧和缺氧环境以及进水的BOD5/TN值低,工艺对有机物及NH3-N的去除效果较好,但TN和TP去除效果较低。提出了加强工艺脱氮除磷的措施,为同类型污水处理厂改造提供参考。     

镍掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的制备与光催化性能研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了镍掺杂的二氧化钛,采用紫外可见分光光度计、傅里叶红外分光光度计、X衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段对结果进行了表征。表征结果表明在550℃下煅烧的产物主要是锐钛型二氧化钛,镍的掺杂使得二氧化钛的紫外可见反射光谱明显红移,且镍掺杂二氧化钛的粒度减小,团聚程度下降。以活性艳蓝KN-R为模型降解目标物,通过比较镍掺杂二氧化钛、纯二氧化钛以及标准P25二氧化钛的光催化性能发现镍掺杂二氧化钛的光催化活性最好。当钛酸正丁酯/乙醇比为1:25;钛酸正丁酯/冰乙酸比为1:1;钛酸正丁酯/硝酸镍比为1 000:3;煅烧温度为550℃,煅烧时间为2 h时,镍掺杂二氧化钛的光催化效率最高,达到73.3%。     

Fe/Al改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附性能研究

利用膨润土原矿提取了粒径小于2μm的膨润土胶体,经过钠质化处理后分别用聚羟基铁和聚羟基铝进行改性,然后用一次平衡法研究了改性膨润土对水体中铬酸根的吸附性能.结果表明,与原矿相比,改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量有了不同程度的提高,铁改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量大于铝改性者.CrO42-的吸附平衡浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,Mt-1(Fe)、Mt-2(Fe)和Mt-3(Al)对铬酸根的吸附量分别为271.0 mmol·kg-1、114.0 mmol·kg-1和16.1 mmol·kg-1.改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增大,随体系pH值的增加而减小.铬酸根在改性膨润土表面的吸附以专性吸附机制为主,静电吸附所占比例很小,一般不超过30%.这些研究结果可为开发新型水处理剂提供理论指导.     

A juvenile lizard specimen with well-preserved skin impressions from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China

Lizards are now relatively well known from the Yixian Formation of northeastern China. In this study, we describe a juvenile lizard from a fossil horizon at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia. These beds predate the Yixian Formation, and are probably Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous in age. The new specimen thus documents the first lizard material from the Daohugou locality and is the earliest lizard skeleton from China. Comparisons with developmental stages of modern lizards suggest the Daohugou lizard is a hatchling. Although tiny, the specimen is notable in preserving exquisite skin impressions showing the variation in scalation across the body, the shape and position of the cloacal outlet, and details of the manus and pes. These are the earliest recorded lepidosaurian skin traces. In its general proportions and the possession of paired frontals, the small Daohugou lizard resembles both the Yixian taxon Yabeinosaurus tenuis and the questionable Jeholacerta formosa, but it differs from the latter in scalation and, based on other characters, may be distinct from both.     

Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice: emission of charged particles

Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D₂O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D₂O system.

催化剂Ru/ZrO2-CeO2催化湿式氧化苯酚

催化剂Ru/ZrO₂-CeO₂催化湿式氧化苯酚的过程表明,Ru/ZrO₂-CeO₂可以显著提高COD和苯酚去除效果,当反应温度为170℃,压力为3 MPa,反应120 min后,COD和苯酚的去除率分别达到了99％和100％.试验还考察了不同反应条件对苯酚溶液COD去除的影响,并获得了最优的反应条件：温度为170℃,压力为3 MPa,催化剂的投加量为5　g/Ｌ,搅拌速度为500 r/min.通过对中间产物的分析,本研究提出了催化湿式氧化苯酚的简单路径图,认为苯酚首先被氧化成小分子有机酸,接着小分子有机酸被氧化成二氧化碳和水.前一个过程是快速反应,后一个过程中的乙酸氧化是慢速过程,需要在高温下才能完成.乙酸的氧化主要是自由基攻击α碳上的C—H键,先生成甲酸,并最终生成二氧化碳和水.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

纳米材料对斑马鱼的氧化损伤及应激效应研究

以斑马鱼(Daniorerio)为受试动物,研究了纳米及常规TiO2、ZnO悬浮液对其鳃、消化道及肝脏的氧化损伤及应激效应,同时对纳米及常规TiO2、ZnO悬浮液中的颗粒形貌特征及·OH生成量进行了测定.结果发现,虽然纳米TiO2、ZnO颗粒与其常规颗粒在溶液中的粒径分布接近,但50mg/L纳米TiO2、ZnO悬浮液中·OH产生量(96h光照下,分别为2.17mmol/L、0.72mmol/L)远远高于50mg/L常规颗粒(未检测到).50mg/L纳米TiO2处理下,斑马鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、蛋白质羰基含量分别为对照的70.2%、65.4%、53%、178.1%;消化道中SOD活性及GSH、丙二醛(MDA)含量分别为对照的149.6%、212.9%、217.2%;鳃中MDA含量为对照的160.9%.而50mg/L常规TiO2悬浮液对斑马鱼没有产生毒理效应.5mg/L纳米及常规ZnO对斑马鱼肝脏的氧化伤害最强,其中5mg/L纳米ZnO处理组中SOD、CAT活性及GSH、MDA含量分别为对照的62.9%、53.1%、45.2%、204.2%,5mg/L常规ZnO处理组中SOD、CAT活性及GSH、MDA含量分别为对照组48.3%、51.8%、34.6%、289.6%;虽然斑马鱼鳃及消化道也受到明显氧化应激效应(p0.05),但并没有受到氧化损伤.研究表明,团聚作用对不同化学组成纳米颗粒的毒性影响程度不同;且不同化学组成纳米颗粒在生物体内可能通过不同机制产生了不同种类的ROS,从而对不同细胞组分产生的氧化损伤及应激效应是其重要的毒理机制.     

Mg/Al双金属氧化物对As(V)吸附性能的研究

研究了以镁铝水滑石为原料制备的Mg/Al双金属氧化物对溶液中As(V)的吸附作用及其影响因素.结果表明：Mg/Al双金属氧化物对As(V)具有较强的吸附能力,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,根据计算所得的理论最大吸附量为51.02 mg·g-1,与实验得出的最大吸附量50.53 mg·g-1基本一致;运用3种...