搅拌子吸附-热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法分析北京大气中33种多氯联苯

用包覆聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)吸附层的搅拌子作被动大气采样器,建立了搅拌子吸附-热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法(SBSE-TD-GC-MS)分析大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的方法。优化后的热脱附温度为280℃,热脱附时间为6 min,聚焦冷阱的温度为-40℃,33种PCB单体的热脱附残留比例低于7%。验证了方法的线性、精密度和重复性。标准曲线5个点线性关系良好,33种PCB单体的相关系数r>0.998。方法精密度验证的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.79%~20.2%(n=8),日内重复性实验的RSD为0.43%~29.8%(n=10),日间重复性实验的RSD为3.20%~29.6%(n=20),方法检出限(LOD)为0.01~2.51 pg,回收率为98%±18%。将建立的方法用于北京大气中PCBs的分析。检出8种PCB单体,质量为2.94~129 pg。在32 d的采样周期内PCB-52、PCB-123、PCB-155一直处于线性吸附阶段,而PCB-1和PCB-3经过了线性吸附阶段、曲线吸附阶段和平衡阶段。研究结果表明,SBSE-TD-GC-MS可以用于大气中PCBs的样品采集和快速分析。     

Ranked set sample design for environmental investigations

Ranked set sampling can provide an efficient basis for estimating parameters of environmental variables, particularly when sampling costs are intrinsically high. Various ranked set estimators are considered for the population mean and contrasted in terms of their efficiencies and useful- ness, with special concern for sample design considerations. Specifically, we consider the effects of the form of the underlying random variable, optimisation of efficiency and how to allocate sampling effort for best effect (e.g. one large sample or several smaller ones of the same total size). The various prospects are explored for two important positively skew random variables (lognormal and extreme value) and explicit results are given for these cases. Whilst it turns out that the best approach is to use the largest possible single sample and the optimal ranked set best linear estimator (ranked set BLUE), we find some interesting qualitatively different conclusions for the two skew distributions     

罐采样-正压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中温室气体

建立了罐采样-正压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中温室气体的分析方法。用正压采样器采集环境空气样品至罐中呈正压状态,用气相色谱仪进行分析,并对氮气空白、除烃空气、不同湿度、不同环境温度、不同罐压及精确控制进样压力等因素进行研究。在最佳实验条件下,N₂O、CO₂、CH₄、SF₆和CO的方法检出限分别为7 nmol/mol、1.5μmol/mol、0.1μmol/mol、9 pmol/mol、0.2μmol/mol,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.995,低、中、高浓度水平测定结果相对标准偏差均小于2.0%。利用该法对环境空气样品进行了检测分析,与该站点现有的高精度在线监测仪器同时测定结果进行比对,比对结果较好,该方法适用于城市环境空气和无组织废气中温室气体的准确测定。     

利用主动和被动采样技术和发光菌毒性测试评价水中有机污染物的毒性

提出利用能够模拟生物吸收过程的半渗透膜采样技术(SPMD)富集疏水性有机污染物,然后进行生物毒性测试．这一方法在原理上不同于传统主动富集．生物毒性测试技术体系,能够模拟生物富集和产生毒性的过程．用三油酸脂半渗透膜采样技术对洋河和北京市高碑店污水处理厂水样进行富集,并采用海洋发光菌P．phosphoreum T3和青海弧菌V．qinghainesis Q67发光菌对原水样和经过富集的水中有机污染物进行毒性测试．研究结果表明,洋河水中存在导致急性毒性的有机物,主要来自宣化工业区,以取代苯类化合物(如：硝基芳烃)为主,相比于此类物质,持久性有机污染物对急性毒性的贡献不大．对高碑店污水厂进行的实验表明,用发光菌方法直接测定污水,很难解释急性毒性变化规律．而采用SPMD技术富集水中有机污染物后进行毒性测试,结果和化学分析数据相当吻合．结合SPMD的优点,推荐用该方法作为环境有机有毒污染物毒性监测和生态风险评价的样品前处理手段．     

公路桥梁施工总体安全风险评估方法研究

为有效控制公路桥梁施工安全风险,提出一种可量化的公路桥梁施工安全风险评估方法。先构建我国公路桥梁施工总体安全风险评估指标体系,并基于蒙特卡洛抽样技术,运用k-s法对该评估指标体系总体分布进行有效检验。在此基础上,在给定的置信区间下对总体安全风险等级阈值进行界定划分,并通过实例进行验证。研究结果表明:该评估方法具有方便、实用、可靠性强的特点。     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

环境监测现场采样质量控制的措施和建议

现阶段我国的环境问题越来越严重,监测环境也有着越来越重要的任务。监测环境的主要目的是使用有效监测方法获得环境信息,使用科学的方法服务于环境管理工作。但因为环境监测工作具有一定的复杂性,如果有一个环节出现问题,都会影响监测结果的准确性。现阶段,在实验室内部开展的质量控制工作取得了良好成果,但现场采样依旧存在着一定问题,这会在很大程度上影响监测结果的准确性。因此本文围绕环境监测现场中的质量控制进行讨论。     

农用地土壤环境监测现场采样、制备及注意事项

土壤环境对农业生产、人类健康和土壤资源的安全性具有重要而深远的影响,随着土壤农业资源的持续开发,土壤环境受到的农药、化肥、石油等污染日益恶化。阐述了农用地土壤环境监测现场采样和制备过程,同时提出了注意事项,并对土壤环境监测面临的问题提出对策与建议。     

Optimized determination of airborne tetracycline resistance genes in laboratory atmosphere

• Sampling parameters with high efficiency was determined. • Operational process to detect airborne ARGs was optimized. • Providing research basis to control airborne ARGs of a laboratory atmosphere Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in various atmospheric environments. Airborne ARGs transmission presents the public health threat. However, it is very difficult to quantify airborne ARGs because of the limited availability of collectable airborne particulate matter and the low biological content of samples. In this study, an optimized protocol for collecting and detecting airborne ARGs was presented. Experimental results showed that recovery efficiency tended to increase initially and then declined over time, and a range of 550–780 copies/mm² of capture loading was recommended to ensure that the recovery efficiency is greater than 75%. As the cell walls were mechanically disrupted and nucleic acids were released, the buffer wash protects ARGs dissolution. Three ratios of buffer volume to membrane area in buffer wash were compared. The highest concentrations of airborne ARGs were detected with 1.4 µL/mm² buffer wash. Furthermore, the majority of the cells were disrupted by an ultrasonication pretreatment (5 min), allowing the efficiency ARGs detection of airborne samples. While, extending the ultrasonication can disrupt cell structures and gene sequence was broken down into fragments. Therefore, this study could provide a theoretical basis for the efficient filter collection of airborne ARGs in different environments. An optimized sampling method was proposed that the buffer wash was 1.4 µL/mm² and the ultrasonication duration was 5 min. The indoor airborne ARGs were examined in accordance with the improved protocol in two laboratories. The result demonstrated that airborne ARGs in an indoor laboratory atmosphere could pose the considerable health risk to inhabitants and we should pay attention to some complicated indoor air environment.     

大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展

大气气溶胶的环境效应、气候效应和健康效应均与气溶胶的物理化学性质直接相关,其中大气气溶胶酸度是其重要的性质之一。大气气溶胶酸度对酸沉降、灰霾的形成具有重要作用,并影响大气非均相化学反应,相关研究已成为国际研究的热点。对国内外学者近年来在大气气溶胶酸度对大气环境与人体健康的影响、大气气溶胶酸度的影响因素与变化规律、大气气溶胶酸度/酸化缓冲能力的测定与计算方法、大气气溶胶酸性成分采集系统等方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并对大气气溶胶酸度研究未来的发展进行了展望。