几种常见被动采样技术在水环境中研究进展

总结了半透膜被动采样器(SPMDs)、极性有机化合物整合采样器(POCIS)、化学捕收器(Chemcatcher)和硅橡胶被动采样器(Silicon rubber)几种常用被动采样器的结构组成、应用模型、原理、样品的前处理、影响因素及应用范围,指出几种被动采样技术应用上存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行总结和展望。     

关于改进非甲烷总烃测定方法的探讨

根据非甲烷总烃排放标准、分析方法和实际监测情况,对非甲烷总烃定义、总烃峰型异常、氧峰干扰、方法检出限测定和采样容器选择等方面存在的问题进行了探讨。结果表明：气态烃的衍生物属于非甲烷总烃,烃的衍生物和色谱柱类型是导致总烃峰型异常的主要原因,使用除烃空气作载气可消除氧峰干扰,非甲烷总烃为差值结果,应按照EPA SW-846标准测定检出限,PVF气袋本底低、气密性和化学惰性好,是最佳的非甲烷总烃采样容器。     

影响顶空-气相色谱法测定水中吡啶准确度的关键因素探讨

通过试验,讨论盐析效应、顶空的平衡温度和平衡时间、水样的p H值、色谱条件等对顶空-气相色谱法测定环境水体中吡啶准确度的影响。优化上述条件后,方法在0 mg/L~3.95 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限可达0.016 mg/L,测定下限为0.064 mg/L。用该方法对地表水和生活污水做3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,测定6次结果的RSD为1.7%~5.7%,回收率为93.9%~113%。     

川南6市空气中SO2和NO2空间分布特征

利用简单、方便、不用电源的被动采样技术分别对川南地区6市区域范围内空气中SO2和NO2在雨季和旱季的空间分布特征进行研究。按16 km×16 km的均匀网格布设点位162个,并在雨季于6市各选1个空气自动站布设城区点位采集空气中SO2和NO2。获得的样品经0.3%的双氧水浸提后采用离子色谱法进行分析,经换算后获得空气中SO2和NO2的浓度,了解了其含量水平,绘制了SO2和NO2的空间分布图,掌握了其空间分布特征,并对可能的来源进行了浅析。将被动采样监测结果与自动站监测结果进行相关分析,两者高度线性相关,NO2和SO2线性相关系数分别为0.901 3和0.874 5,均大于r0.05(4)=0.811 4。     

低温空管冷冻浓缩技术-GC-MS-FID法自动监测环境空气中VOCs

环境空气中VOCs的自动监测数据是研究重污染天气成因的一个重要依据。低温空管冷冻浓缩技术-GC-MSFID法,可用于环境空气中多组分VOCs复杂样品的自动监测,性能优于吸附管浓缩法。低温空管冷冻浓缩技术的采样流量、采样时间、冷冻温度等条件对环境空气中VOCs的测定有很大影响。实验结果表明:高采样流量低采样时间条件下,低沸点卤代烃捕集效率偏低;低采样流量长采样时间,-120℃捕集温度可满足各类VOCs的测试。降低采样流量增加采样时间,沸点较高的各类VOCs的捕集效率比较高。相同捕集温度下,降低采样体积,各类VOCs的响应同步降低,可用于高浓度C_5~C_(12)碳氢化合物、卤代烃和醛酮含氧化合物样品的测定。     

基于移动终端设备的环境现场监测管理系统设计与应用

研究了基于移动终端设备的环境现场监测业务数据采集与管理,构建了面向现场监测业务需求的数据采集、存储和传输的业务流程管理,以及与实验室信息管理系统数据共享交互集成的现场监测业务管理和质量控制信息系统。以上海市环境监测中心的现场监测管理系统为例,展示了多媒体及GPS信息采集、仪器数据采集、监测结果录入、原始表单填报和监测布点等环境现场监测活动在移动终端设备上数据管理的具体应用实现。     

Measuring mate choice using correlation: the effect of female sampling behaviour

For intersexual selection to occur, it is necessary that females choose between males. It is now well appreciated that constraints exist, which preclude females sampling all the available males in a population. These constraints are likely to have caused the evolution of sampling rules (such as the “best-of-n” rule) by which females sample males. Here we investigate the impact of female subsampling of the male population, not on the evolution of sampling behaviour, but on the population-level correlation between a male trait and currencies such as reproductive success. This study is important as it illustrates when population-level correlations can be safely used to infer the presence and strength of sexual selection in the field. We find that the correlation between a male trait and a mate choice variable rises steeply as the number of males sampled by each female increases, flattening above seven to ten males sampled. This shape is found to be remarkably robust, and little affected by, for example, the mate choice variable used, by noise in assessment, by sampling behaviour depending on female quality, or by population size. The only variable found to have a large impact is male clumping according to their “quality”. If females are sampling about four males, the maximum correlation that can be found at the population level is in the range 0.4–0.6, perhaps as little as 0.1 if males are strongly clumped. A recent review of the literature suggests that four is the average number of males that females sample. Thus, the absence of a strong correlation cannot by itself be used to infer that sexual selection is weak, as it may be due to females sampling few males. Received: 18 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 18 July 1998     

The use of replicated plot,line and point sampling for estimating species abundance and ecological diversity

The paper deals with the problem of estimating diversity indexes for an ecological community. First the species abundances are unbiasedly and consistently estimated using designs based on n random and independent selections of plots, points or lines over the study area. The problem of sampling elusive populations is also considered. Finally, the diversity index estimates are obtained as functions of the abundance estimates. The resulting estimators turn out to be asymptotically (n large) unbiased, even if a considerable bias may occur for a small n. Accordingly, the method of jackknifing is made use of in order to reduce bias.     

大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点,进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明,平行样品的重现性良好,平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度,可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解;而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势,可以归因于林丹的使用。     

基于实地调研的广东省工业VOC排放清单改进研究

工业源是人为源挥发性有机物(VOC)排放的重要贡献源,然而现有基于统计年鉴数据建立的工业VOC排放清单仍然存在排放源缺失、排放量低估、空间分配精度不足等问题.为了提高清单表征及空间分配的精细度,本文在2014年基于统计年鉴数据建立的广东省工业VOC排放清单的基础上,利用问卷调研方式获取了12000多家工业企业的详细活动水平数据,对工业VOC排放表征与空间分配进行改进,进而建立了基于实地调研和统计年鉴数据相结合的2014年广东省工业VOC排放改进清单.结果表明,改进后广东省工业VOC清单排放量由500927 t增至716470 t,珠三角地区行业VOC排放量增加30%左右,非珠三角地区增加90%左右,其中,炼油及石化行业VOC排放量变化最为明显.改进前清单借助人口密度等空间地理信息为空间分配依据,导致部分VOC排放分配到工业源较少的居民区或市中心;改进后的空间分配优先采用基于经纬度信息的点源分配方法,点源调研数据使得分配后的工业VOC主要集中在工业园区,少数工业VOC排放分配给人类活动有限的偏远农村地区,分配结果更为合理、精细.利用CAMx模型结合实际观测站点监测结果评估此次改进对O_3生成的影响,总体上改进后清单提高了广州、东莞、惠州和茂名等城市的O_3峰值期的模拟浓度,降低了东莞及广州O_3污染时期的模拟偏差,部分被低估的模拟峰值可以提高6～9μg·m~(-3);同时,空间分配的改进也影响了城市间O_3传输模拟.