升流式膨胀滤池的数学模型及设计参数

讨论了升流式膨胀滤池的反应过程，导出物料消耗，出水水质及反应时间等在有关理论公式，并根据物料流化理论确定了滤池几何尺寸及工艺提高参数的计算方法。     

城市新增大气污染源合理布局判据的研究

试图提出了一种以环境损失作为评价污染源布局判据的观点，给出了大气环境损失系数的计算方法及污染源合理布局优化计算模型，并结合实例作了进一步的分析。     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳结构的影响

秸秆还田既可以缓解土壤污染问题又可以增加土壤养分及改善土壤结构从而提高土壤质量。研究秸秆还田后土壤有机碳结构的变化对了解碳周转规律、促进农业管理和生产以及环境可持续发展具有重要意义。选取3种性质差异较大的土壤,分别为红壤、褐土及黑土。实验分为对照处理和添加质量分数为5%的水稻秸秆的秸秆处理。土壤在温室条件下培养24个月,每4个月取样一次,测定土壤中总有机碳含量及采用碳1s X射线吸收光谱测定土壤有机碳分子结构及各类型有机碳含量。实验结果显示,(1)黑土中总有机碳含量最高,达29.5-32.5 g·kg^-1,是红壤的4.7-6.4倍,褐土的3.9-4.9倍。加入秸秆后,红壤、褐土及黑土中有机碳含量较对照分别显著增加124%-196%、60%-110%和21%-28%。(2)3种土壤的对照中,有机碳主要以脂肪碳、羧基碳和烷氧碳存在。这3部分有机碳占总有机碳的百分比在红壤、褐土和黑土中分别为69.1%-86.6、79.6%-88.5%和87.3%-90.3%。加入秸秆后,3种土壤中有机碳类型依旧是上述3种有机碳占主导。(3)秸秆处理使红壤和黑土中有机碳疏水性增强,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,对改善土壤结构起促进作用。(4)秸秆加入后,红壤和褐土中发生正激发效应,这两种土壤中有机碳结构简单、稳定性减弱;黑土中发生负激发效应,其中有机碳结构趋于复杂,稳定性增强。     

Ethical considerations when conservation research involves people

Social science is becoming increasingly important in conservation, with more studies involving methodologies that collect data from and about people. Conservation science is a normative and applied discipline designed to support and inform management and practice. Poor research practice risks harming participants and, researchers, and can leave negative legacies. Often, those at the forefront of field-based research are early-career researchers, many of whom enter their first research experience ill-prepared for the ethical conundrums they may face. We draw on our own experiences as early-career researchers to illuminate how ethical challenges arise during conservation research that involves human participants. Specifically, we considered ethical review procedures, conflicts of values, and power relations, and devised broad recommendations on how to navigate ethical challenges when they arise during research. In particular, we recommend researchers apply reflexivity (i.e., thinking that allows researchers to recognize the effect researchers have on the research) to help navigate ethical challenges and encourage greater engagement with ethical review processes and the development of ethical guidelines for conservation research that involves human participants. Such guidelines must be accompanied by the integration of rigorous ethical training into conservation education. We believe our experiences are not uncommon and can be avoided and hope to spark discussion to contribute to a more socially just conservation.     

元谋干热河谷植物功能性状组合的海拔梯度响应

植物功能性状能够显示对环境变化的响应,不同的适应对策呈现出不同的功能性状组合。干热河谷地区水分是最主要的限制性环境因子,之前的大部分研究都是集中关注于干热河谷局部地段,对于从垂直海拔上来研究不同植物在环境梯度下的变化的研究较少。干热河谷地区由于梵风效应,水分胁迫沿海拔梯度发生变化,一般表现为随海拔高度升高,气温降低,湿度和降水量增加,而蒸发量减小,辐射增强。以云南元谋干热河谷4个海拔梯度（1491.33、1730.20、1850.00、1925.57 m）中的植物为研究对象,选取叶片干物质含量（LDMC）、叶面积（LA）、比叶面积（SLA）、叶片厚度（LT）和叶密度（LD）5个功能性状,研究它们的相互关系,比较了海拔间的差异。结果表明：1）5个功能性状在不同海拔间均呈现出一定差异,变异系数由高到低为LD>LA>SLA>LT>LDMC（分别是101%、64%、56%、41%和19%）;方差分析结果也表明,5个功能性状在不同海拔之间差异显著（F=56.218,P<0.01;F=7.829,P<0.01;F=11.21,P<0.01;F=7.429,P<0.01;F=19.213,P<0.01）,尤其是在最低（1491.33 mm）和最高（1927.57 mm）海拔之间,各性状均具有极显著的差异;2）性状之间存在组合关系, LD与其他性状间相关性最为明显,除LDMC以外,LD与LA、SLA、LT均呈现出极显著负相关关系;LDMC与LA和LT呈极显著负相关;SLA与LA和LT呈正相关,而与LDMC显著负相关;LT与SLA显著正相关,与LA之间相关性不显著;3）在不同的海拔梯度之间,性状组合存在非同步变化现象。研究显示,元谋干热河谷地区,植物对水分环境的海拔梯度变化产生功能性状组合的响应,低海拔和高海拔物种对所处环境的适应策略不同,使得植物在海拔梯度上出现叶片功能性状组合的分化和差异。     

Frequency of abnormal heavy metal blood levels in Wegener's granulomatosis

Previous studies suggested environmental exposures, including mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb), may be related to Wegener's granulomatosis. In this study, investigations were extended to include the measurement of heavy metals in blood samples from patients diagnosed with Wegener's. Diagnosis was confirmed by using the 1990 Classification Criteria for Wegener's granulomatosis established by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). Using commercial lab testing, whole blood heavy metal screenings were obtained from patients, and results were then compared with validated subject self-report questionnaire estimates of exposure. Thirty-eight Wegener's patients were enrolled; 10 of the 38 exhibited abnormal lab values. In those 10 subjects 3 had elevated nickel (Ni), 7 with increased cobalt (Co), 3 with higher manganese, 1 with elevated copper, and 1 with increased Hg. Overall, the questionnaire results did not correlate with the blood heavy metal analysis. Approximately 26% of Wegener's subjects in this study displayed abnormal heavy metal levels. These findings are likely underestimates since blood levels are an insensitive means for assessing total body burden of heavy metals. From these preliminary studies it appears that elevated Co is a common finding in Wegener's patients but Ni and Hg were also found to be increased. The proportion of patients with abnormal heavy metal levels is more than expected by chance alone. In order to yield more definitive results, further analysis is needed with a larger data set, more controls and more sensitive measurements (hair, urine, or nail samples).     

Assessment of groundwater quality in Kavaratti Island in the Lakshadweep Archipelagos,India

This study attempts to address the processes controlling the chemical composition of the Kavaratti aquifer system of Lakshadweep Island in India. Major ions and other physico-chemical parameters were determined for the premonsoon period in the Kavaratti of the Lakshadweep Island system. The trilinear diagram confirms the ingress of sea water into the shallow lens of freshwater in the islands by the changing water types. The abundance of major cations varied in the order Na>Ca>Mg>K and anions in the order Cl>HCO₃>SO₄. The ionic relations suggest that the higher concentration Na and Cl are the results of ion exchange and evaporation. The plots of data on the Gibbs diagram suggest that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals and evaporation are the dominant factors controlling groundwater chemistry in the area. The hydrochemistry concept was deduced by the multivariate analysis for better understanding on the dynamic and complexity of the groundwater chemical processes. By the multivariate analytical techniques, the samples were grouped into two: one with saline water dominance and the other with freshwater characteristics. Thus proper management of these aquifers should be assured to retain their freshwater yield in the future.     

Importance of the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska for Aquatic Birds

We used data from aerial surveys (1992–2010) of >100,000 km² and ground surveys (1998–2004) of >150 km² to estimate the density and abundance of birds on the North Slope of Alaska (U.S.A.). In the ground surveys, we used double sampling to estimate detection ratios. We used the aerial survey data to compare densities of birds and Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), the major nest predator of birds, on the North Slope, in Prudhoe Bay, and in nearby areas. We partitioned the Prudhoe Bay oil field into 2 × 2 km plots and determined the relation between density of aquatic birds and density of roads, buildings, and other infrastructure in these plots. Abundance and density (birds per square kilometer) of 3 groups of aquatic birds—waterfowl, loons, and grebes; shorebirds; and gulls, terns, and jaegers—were highest in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska (NPRA) and lowest in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Six other major wetlands occur in the Arctic regions of Canada and Russia, but the largest population of aquatic birds was in the NPRA. Aquatic birds were concentrated in the northern part of the NPRA. For example, an area that covered 18% of the NPRA included 53% of its aquatic birds. The aerial surveys showed that bird density was not lower and fox density was not higher in Prudhoe Bay than in surrounding areas. Density of infrastructure did not significantly affect bird density for any group of species. Our results establish that the NPRA is one of the most important areas for aquatic birds in the Arctic. Our results and those of others also indicate that oil production, as practiced in Prudhoe Bay, does not necessarily lead to substantial declines in bird density or productivity in or near the developed areas. Prioridades para la Conservación de Aves en el Norte de Alaska     

环境监测化学分析方法与分类

通过对重量法，容量法，比色法与仪器法的机理特点分析理顺环境监测分析的本质关系，以便更好地研究，开发和使用各种监测分析方法。     

Engineering-geological hazards and management in the Mountain Crimea coastal zone

The main engineering-geological hazards and their factors of the Mountain Crimea coastal region are considered. A characteristic shore line site of Cape Kikineiz and its neighboring coastal area near the Katsiveli settlement has been studied in more detail. The important characteristic of the site is a high diversity of geological conditions with numerous manifestations of dangerous engineering-geological processes: shore and hydrological network abrasion, loss of slopes and rocks stability, etc. These processes have intensified during the last decades under the influence of natural and man-induced factors. The results of preliminary study of geo-environmental situation of the area are presented. The program for further research and possible recommendations for rational coastal hazard management and area ecological state improvement are outlined.