FUZZY ITERATION METHODOLOGY FOR RESERVOIR FLOOD CONTROL OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir flood control is operated in real time so finding the optimal solution is unnecessary since it may not be practical. The key to reservoir flood control operation is quickly generating some feasible and effective alternatives and then selecting one among them. A fuzzy iteration methodology, which gives the objective weight and the relative membership degree of alternatives at the same time, is presented. Since the weight and relative membership degree are directly acquired from the recommended alternatives provided by decision makers, the results are more reasonable and realistic. Besides, the difficulty in giving weights is also avoided. With the aid of a robust and flexible decision support system, the effectiveness of decision making can be improved.     

基于云模型的高校消防安全标准化评估研究

为评估高校消防安全标准化程度,明确高校消防安全标准化体系,结合高校消防安全标准化体系的模糊性,将高校消防安全标准化等级划分为5个级别,采用黄金分割法将权重云、评价云划分成5个云模型,建立能够反映高校消防安全标准化等级模糊性的云模型。该模型运用于某高校消防安全标准化等级评估中,评估结果客观合理,实用性较强,为后续标准化提升提供了参考依据。     

大气中酮类化合物污染事故应急监测

研究了大气中低分子量酮类化合物的气相色谱测定方法 ,进行了线性范围、精密度和准确度实验。结果表明 ,该方法具有简便快捷、准确灵敏的特点 ,适合于大气污染事故应急监测     

臭氧活性炭工艺中卤乙酸生成潜能与相对分子质量分布关系的研究

通过臭氧生物活性炭和微曝气生物活性炭(O₃/BAC和micro-aeration/BAC)2套工艺研究其对不同相对分子质量有机物去除特点和不同相对分子量有机物生成的卤乙酸及其去除特性.结果表明,O₃/BAC工艺对相对分子质量区间>30×10³的有机物去除率超过90%.O₃/BAC与micro-aeration/BAC出水中,UV₂₅₄值表示相对分子质量<103的有机物超过50%,相对分子量区间在10×10³～30×10³的有机物占20%～30%;在O₃/BAC和微曝气/BAC工艺出水中,以相对分子质量<10³的有机物生成的卤乙酸最多,生成DCAA、TCAA、DBAA分别为97.00、38.55、2.10μg/L和104.00、42.75和2.92μg/L;采用各处理单元不同分子量有机物与氯反应生成的DCAA、TCAA、DBAA和THAAs与相对应的UV₂₅₄值进行线性拟合,相关系数分别为0.827、0.851 3、0.815 7和0.878.UV₂₅₄与臭氧生物活性炭处理工艺出水中的卤乙酸生成潜能具有较好的线性关系.     

冶金生产企业风险分级研究

冶金行业存在诸多风险,对其进行风险分级研究可以更好地做好预防工作。首先对冶金企业的危险有害因素进行了辨识;其次,建立冶金企业风险指标体系;最后,运用MATLAB与灰色变权聚类分析法计算风险等级。结果表明,违反操作规程的风险等级最高,是影响冶金企业生产风险级别的最高指标,遵守操作规程是企业安全工作的管理重点。     

Weight comparisons and litter size manipulation in Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus) show evidence of costs of reproduction

I studied reproductive costs in the female Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) using individually marked animals. I compared weight changes during the active season and over winter, and mortality for females that did and did not wean young. Females raising young were heavier at emergence in that spring than unsuccessful ones. Females that did not raise young gained more weight during summer, were heavier than successful females at the time of entry into hibernation, and were heavier emerging from hibernation the following spring. Over-winter mortality was higher for females that reared young compared to reproductively unsuccessful females. A food supplementation experiment showed that energy-rich food can accelerate individuals’ weight gain. Interactions between litter size, birth weight, weight at emergence from the natal burrow, survival of young to yearling age, and maternal fitness were also studied. Litter sizes were experimentally manipulated to evaluate how females cope with costs of rearing one additional young. Birth weight of juveniles was positively correlated with survival to emergence from the natal burrow and with survival to yearling age. Partial litter loss was higher in experimentally enlarged litters than in either experimentally decreased or control litters. Total litter loss, survival of adult females or the probability of weaning young the following year were not affected by the litter size manipulation. Females appear to adjust the size of their litter before birth, and to some extent during lactation, to their ability to wean young. Received: 20 January 2000 / Received in revised form: 12 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000     

水环境中病毒检测技术研究进展

综述了水环境病毒检测技术的研究进展。介绍了过滤法、吸附法、离心法、混凝法等水环境病毒富集方法的原理和优缺点;总结了基于聚合酶链式反应(PCR),包括巢式PCR、多重PCR、实时荧光定量PCR、细胞联合培养PCR和数字PCR,以及高通量测序等分子生物学技术在水环境病毒检测中的应用;指出了水环境中病毒检测技术当前存在的问题和未来发展方向,为水环境中病毒的检测与管控提供技术支撑。     

Determination of 28 pesticides applied on two tomato cultivars with a different surface/weight ratio of the berries,using a multiresidue GC-MS/MS method

The behavior of 28 pesticides on two tomato cultivars with a different surface/weight (S/W) ratio of the berries (S/W, Birikino vs. Tombola) was studied, in order to provide appropriate indications about their persistence on crops reaching the pre-harvest interval (PHI). Quantitative analysis was performed using a GC MS/MS method. Birikino cv. (BIR) was a “cherry type tomato” with a double S/W ratio compared with Tombola cv. (TOM). The results showed a different pesticide behavior. Azoxystrobin, Boscalid, Bupirimate, Difenoconazole, Etofenprox, Iprodione, Mepanipyrim, Myclobutanil, Tebuconazole, Zoxamide, Metalaxyl M, Pyrimethanil, Tetraconazole, Benalaxyl, Cyprodinil, Fenamidone, Famoxadone and Fludioxonil immediately after treatments showed residues on BIR higher than TOM, and this behavior is consistent with its greater exposed surface. BIR showed higher decay rates of these pesticides during the whole trial, nevertheless residue averages remained higher than TOM reaching the time of harvest. Residues at the PHI were all below their Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs), but data indicated that they could exceed their legal limits especially if the above-mentioned active ingredients were employed more than once per crop cycle on cherry type tomatoes. As regards to Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos methyl, Triadimenol, Pyridaben and Tebufenpyrad, no different residual behavior related to S/W ratio of the cultivars was observed. Even in this case, residues at the PHI were all below MRLs. As for Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin, Etoxazole and Cyproconazole, residues were lower than the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the analytical method just after the treatment, according to their low doses of employment.     

Alteration of acetylcholinesterase activity in Semele solida (MOLLUSCA: SEMELIDAE) as a biochemical response to coastal anthropogenic impact

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was analyzed as a molecular marker indicative of exposure to organophosphorus pesticide residues in individuals of the endemic clam species Semele solida in selected coastal locations of Chile's VIII Region. AChE activity was assayed in clams from (i) Penco Beach near the mouth of the Andalién River (Concepción Bay), (ii) Lenga Beach, near the mouth of the Lenga Estuary (San Vicente Bay), and (iii) Coliumo Beach, near the mouth of the Coliumo Estuary (Coliumo Bay). We also analyzed variations in protein content of clam hemolymph, and variability in the activity of AChE in relation to the sizes of the individual clams sampled. Collection of the clams was done using routine methods, during the spring of 2005, the period during which the use of pesticides is typically intensified in the surrounding forestry and agriculture. The results showed no significant correlation of AChE activity with either the size of the clam, or with the concentration of proteins in the hemolymph. The lowest AChE activity was observed in clams from mouth of the Andalién River (187.5 ± 34.9 Umin^?1) which was significantly less than that measured in specimens collected near the mouth of the Coliumo Estuary and the mouth of the Lenga Estuary. A very close relation was observed between the degree of anthropogenic inputs, ocean dynamics, and alterations in AChE activity in S. solida. This clam appears to be a useful indicator species, and AChE activity a sensitive marker for the presence of xenobiotics.