餐厨废物水热反应减重的关键影响因素及运行参数研究

运用水热炭化工艺,研究不同温度（170~270 ℃）、停留时间（0~100 min）、料液比（1∶1、1∶3、1∶9）对餐厨废物水热反应减重的影响,并对运行参数进行优化。结果表明：升高温度,餐厨废物的减重率也随之提高,且减重率均在91%以上;随着停留时间的延长,减重率在20~40和80~100 min时会有小幅度的增长,在0~100 min的停留时间内减重率从83.90%增至86.80%;料液比的增加会使减重率下降,料液比为1∶9、1∶3、1∶1时,对应的减重率分别为91.60%~91.87%、86.20%~87.00%、83.90%~88.10%。液相产物COD测定结果表明,反应温度和料液比是影响液相产物COD的主要因素,随着反应的进行,液相产物COD先是逐渐减小并趋于平稳,后略有增加。试验得到的水热炭高位热值为30.50~31.90 MJ/kg,高于国家标准煤热值29.30 MJ/kg。

     

Interaction of bisphenol A with dissolved organic matter in extractive and adsorptive removal processes

The fate of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in natural and engineered systems is complicated due to their interactions with various water constituents. This study investigated the interaction of bisphenol A (BPA) with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and colloids present in surface water and secondary effluent as well as its adsorptive removal by powdered activated carbons. The solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) method followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for determining the distribution of BPA molecules in water. The BPA removal by SPME decreased with the increased DOM content, where the formation of BPA-DOM complexes in an aqueous matrix was responsible for the reduced extraction of BPA. Colloidal particles in water samples sorbed BPA leading to the marked reduction of liquid phase BPA. BPA-DOM complexes had a negative impact on the adsorptive removal of BPA by powered activated carbons. The complex formation was characterized based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, along with the calculation of molecular interactions between BPA and functional groups in DOM. It was found that the hydrogen bonding between DOM and BPA would be preferred over aromatic interactions. A pseudo-equilibrium molecular coordination model for the complexation between a BPA molecule and a hydroxyl group of the DOM was developed, which enabled estimation of the maximum sorption site and complex formation constant as well as prediction of organic complexes at various DOM levels.     

PCDD/Fs-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant system responses in tobacco cell suspension cultures

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are ubiquitous contaminants and can be considerably accumulated by natural plants. In order to elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of plant to PCDD/Fs, tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells were selected as model plant and treated with time- and concentration-dependent PCDD/Fs. The toxic effect and oxidative stress caused by PCDD/Fs were evident, which could be indicted by the reduction in fresh mass, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the damage of tobacco cell ultrastructure. PCDD/Fs tolerance was correlated with changes in antioxidant system and hormones of tobacco cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited peak enzyme activities at the PCDD/Fs concentration of 1000 ng WHO₉₈-TEQ g⁻¹ fresh weight. Glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity increased monotonically at high level PCDD/Fs, but the activity of catalase (CAT) was only slightly affected at all treatment. Meanwhile, the exposure to PCDD/Fs resulted in the changes of hormones content. With the increase of exposure concentration of PCDD/Fs, the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased, whereas the concentration of jasmonates (JAs) decreased. The above results suggest that tobacco cells had the ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by low concentration of PCDD/Fs through increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alternating plant hormones levels. However, oxidative stress and toxicity would burst out when plant cells were exposed to the high levels of PCDD/Fs.     

High-molecular weight sulfur-containing aromatics refractory to weathering as determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Biomarkers and low-molecular weight polyaromatic compounds have been extensively studied for their fate in the environment. They are used for oil spill source identification and monitoring of weathering and degradation processes. However, in some cases, the absence or presence of very low concentration of such components restricts the access of information to spill source. Here we followed the resistance of high-molecular weight sulfur-containing aromatics to the simulated weathering condition of North Sea crude oil by ultra high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The sulfur aromatics in North Sea crude having double bond equivalents (DBE) from 6 to 14 with a mass range 188-674 Da were less influenced even after 6 months artificial weathering. Moreover, the ratio of dibenzothiophenes (DBE 9)/naphthenodibenzothiophenes (DBE 10) was 1.30 and 1.36 in crude oil and 6 months weathered sample, respectively reflecting its weathering stability. It also showed some differences within other oils. Hence, this ratio can be used as a marker of the studied crude and accordingly may be applied for spilled oil source identification in such instances where the light components have already been lost due to environmental influences.     

不同分子量草源DOM与重金属的相互作用

将采集自徒骇河聊城河段沉水植被生长区的DOM分为3个分子量级别：<0.7 μm DOM、<500 kDa DOM、<100 kDa DOM,通过三维荧光结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和荧光滴定法探讨水体中不同分子量DOM的荧光特征及其与重金属（Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺）的络合作用.结果表明：草源DOM的有机碳主要储存在分子量<100 kDa组分中.PARAFAC分析得出4个荧光组分,分别为类色氨酸组分C2、C4,以及酪氨酸组分C1和类腐殖质组分C3.草源DOM主要以分子量<100 kDa的类色氨酸组分C2和酪氨酸组分C1为主.二维相关光谱（2D-COS）表明,与类腐殖物质相比,类蛋白物质优先与Cu²⁺与Pb²⁺发生猝灭,DOM中不同分子量组分与Cu²⁺与Pb²⁺的猝灭顺序未发生改变.在与Cu²⁺结合的过程中,不同 分子量中类腐殖质组分C3的络合常数（logK_a）大于类蛋白组分C1、C2,表明类腐殖质组分的金属结合能力强于类蛋白质组分;随着分子量级别的降低,组分C3的logK_a值逐渐增大（3.47<3.59<3.73）,表明低分子量（<100 kDa）中的类腐殖质与Cu²⁺具有更高的结合能力.不同分子量DOM中,类蛋白组分C1、C2、C4在分子量<0.7 μm DOM中的logK_a值均最高,表明高分子量（<0.7 μm）的类蛋白质更容易与Cu²⁺结合,而Pb²⁺与各组分结合出现了荧光增强或猝灭的现象.DOM-Cu²⁺与DOM-Pb²⁺结合表现出不同的结合规律,反映出金属种类与DOM结合的异质性与复杂性.     

两种分子量分级下DOM的组分特征及其生物毒性

分别采用超滤离心管和超滤杯两种方式制备不同分子量的溶解性有机物(DOM),探究不同的分子量分级方式对获得的DOM组成成分特征及其生物毒性效应的影响,同时判明各组分联合作用方式.DOM分别来源于城市污水厂出水(EfOM)及商品天然腐植酸(SWR-NOM).结果表明,两种分级方式获得的不同分子量DOM含有相同的荧光峰,腐殖...     

AAO-MBR工艺污水处理系统中消毒副产物前体物变化规律

为探究DBPs（消毒副产物）前体物在污水处理过程中的变化情况,采用超滤膜和XAD大孔吸附树脂将AAO-MBR工艺沿程出水中DOM（溶解性有机物）进行分离,并利用3D-EEM（三维荧光光谱）对分离前后水样进行表征,同时测定DBPFP（消毒副产物生成势）.结果表明:①沉砂池出水具有较低的C-DBPFP（含碳消毒副产物生成势）;经过AAO和MBR后,由于微生物代谢作用生成的疏水性SMPs（微生物代谢产物）类物质（为主要的C-DBPs前体物质）包含较多不饱和键,导致C-DBPFP增加.②沉砂池出水的N-DBPFP（含氮消毒副产物生成势）较低,但经过AAO后生成的小分子物质（为主要的N-DBPs前体物）导致N-DBPFP增加;经过MBR后由于SRT（污泥停留时间）和污泥浓度的增加造成小分子物质减少,致使N-DBPFP降低.③市政污水经过AAO后,C-DBPs和N-DBPs前体物分别增加了90.9%和7.3%;而MBR具有较高的DOC去除率（74.4%）,去除了56.8%的C-DBPs前体物和78.1%的N-DBPs前体物.研究显示,AAO-MBR工艺对市政污水中C-DBPs和N-DBPs前体物有较好地去除效果.      

腐殖酸在氯离子体系中的电解氧化特性

通过小型实验对腐殖酸模拟废水进行了电解氧化处理,考察了阳极材料、氯离子初始浓度对腐殖酸电解氧化处理效果的影响,探讨了腐殖酸在电解处理过程中分子量分布的变化及电解产生的低分子量产物组成.研究结果表明,PbO2阳极的电解处理效果比 Ru-Ir/Ti阳极的处理效果好,当废水在氯离子体系中电解时.可缩小2种阳极对CODCr去除效果的差距;电解后溶液中溶解性有机物的分子量分布向小分子量方向转变;当溶液中有氯离子存在时,电解过程产生的 ClO-的间接氧化作用可有效地将大分子有机物降解为小分子有机物.腐殖酸在氯离子体系中电解生成的低分子量化合物主要有 CO2、氯仿、乙酸、苯酚、苯乙醇、2H-1,4 氯苯基双氮杂卓-2-1,1-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-萘酚、3-(3-羧基-4-羟基-5-硝基酚)-D-丙氨酸等.     

基于层次分析的方差赋权法的理论及其应用

权重确定的精确度和科学性将直接影响多指标综合评价的结果。当评价指标较多时,层次分析法有时需要经过多次调整才能通过一致性检验。方差赋权法具有概念清晰、计算简便、客观性强等特点,但不能反应决策者的主观要求。文章尝试把这两种方法结合起来,利用层次分析法求各准则对总体目标的权重,利用方差赋权法求各指标对准则层的权重,然后求组合权重。结果表明基于层次分析的方差赋权法具有评价结果合理,计算过程简单,能同时满足多指标综合评价的主、客观要求,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.