Assessment of Calibration Parameters for an Aerial Gamma Spectrometry System using Monte-Carlo Technique

During a radiation emergency subsequent to a nuclear accident orweapon fallout, quick assessment of the ground contamination andthe resulting exposure is of prime importance in planning and execution of effective counter measures. For an online assessmentof ground contamination, it is essential to calibrate the detector system for several parameters viz. the source energy,source deployment matrix, the flight altitude and position abovethe contaminated surface. This article discusses the methodology to predict all the necessary parameters like photon fluence atvarious altitudes, the photo-peak counts in different energy windows, Air to Ground Correlation Factors (AGCF) and the doserate at any height due to air scattered gamma ray photons. Themethodology includes generation of theoretically simulated gammaspectra at a required detector position for a given source distribution on the ground using Monte-Carlo method provided by general purpose coupled neutron/photon transport code (MCNP CCC-200). Thus generated gamma spectra are analyzed to arrive at the required parameters mentioned above.     

Modelling radionuclide transport for time varying flow in a channel network

Water flowrates and flow directions may change over time in the subsurface for a number of reasons. In fractured rocks flow takes place in channels within fractures. Solutes are carried by the advective flow. In addition, solutes may diffuse in and out of stagnant waters in the rock matrix and other stagnant water regions. Sorbing species may sorb on fracture surfaces and on the micropore surfaces in the rock matrix. We present a method by which solute particles can be traced in flowing water undergoing changes in flowrate and direction in a complex channel network where the solutes can also interact with the rock by diffusion in the rock matrix. The novelty of this paper is handling of diffusion in the rock matrix under transient flow conditions. The diffusive processes are stochastic and it is not possible to follow a particle deterministically. The method therefore utilises the properties of a probability distribution function for a tracer moving in a fracture where matrix diffusion is active. The method is incorporated in a three dimensional channel network model. Particle tracking is used to trace out a multitude of flowpaths, each of which consists of a large number of channels within fractures. Along each channel the aperture and velocity as well as the matrix sorption properties can vary. An efficient method is presented whereby a particle can be followed along the variable property flowpath. For stationary flow conditions and a network of channels with advective flow and matrix diffusion, a simple analytical solution for the residence time distribution along each pathway can be used. Only two parameter groups need to be integrated along each path. For transient flow conditions, a time stepping procedure that incorporates a stochastic Monte-Carlo like method to follow the particles along the paths when flow conditions change is used. The method is fast and an example is used for illustrative purposes. It is exemplified by a case where land rises due to glacial rebound. It is shown that the effects of changing flowrates and directions can be considerable and that the diffusive migration in the matrix can have a dominating effect on the results.     

Dual Objective Control of Nutrient Loading into a Lake1

ABSTRACT: The control of nutrient loading into a water body is approached from a multiobjective viewpoint. The example of phosphorus (P) loading into Lake Balaton, Hungary, is used as a case study. The element P is chosen because it appears to be the limiting factor of eutrophication in the lake considered, as in many other lakes. About one-half of P loading originates from nonpoint sources; furthermore, the mechanism is poorly known and only few observation data are available. The objective of eutrophication control is to minimize P loading, while the objective of watershed management is to maximize agricultural revenue. These two objectives often appear to be in conflict. A discrete set of alternative control methods is defined, consisting in controlling a mix of the following elements: point sources, runoff, fertilizer type and application, cropping management, erosion, and sedimentation. The system dynamics is provided by a previously developed stochastic model, whose output is an empirical prohability density function (pdf) of P-loading reflecting the control policy. A compromise solution of “satisfactum” can then be chosen as a mix of the best ranked policies.     

汤浦水库总磷环境容量的计算及不确定性分析

为定量控制湖库磷污染,基于狄龙模型对汤浦水库水环境容量进行了计算,应用蒙特卡洛方法分析了水库总磷(TP)环境容量的不确定性和模型参数的灵敏度.结果表明,水力冲刷系数是水库TP环境容量计算模型最敏感的输人参数,通过减小年入库水量的统计误差与水位的测量误差可以最大限度地减少计算模型的不确定性;与90％置信度水平下TP环境容量相比,常用的以死库容为设计水文条件计算的TP环境容量,由于不考虑水库水文条件的变化,无法估计水库纳污量的变化.不确定分析方法为水库TP环境容量的计算提供了针对特定时间的水文设计条件,从而为不同水文年执行水环境污染物总量控制提供理论参考.     

Influence of the source size on domino effect risk caused by fragments

We developed the movement equations for fragments with the size of the bursting vessel. The ground distributions of fragments, the probability of impact between the fragments and the target, the rupture probability of the impacted target, and the domino effect risk caused by fragments were investigated for different source types and sizes using Monte-Carlo simulations. The distribution of fragments from the lower half of the source vessels onto the ground was non-zero, that is, it is probable that the fragments would hit the target vessel close to the source. The relative difference of impact probability is larger than 10% when the target vessel is within eight times the source diameter for the three types of sources considered. The proportion of impacts of fragments from the lower part of the source to total impact decreased with distance, while that for fragments from the upper part increased. The proportion of upper and lower parts is equal for distance approximately five times the source diameter. The source size needs to be considered along with the distance from the source to the target when less than approximately 14 times the source diameter. Its effect on impact probability and domino effect risk was significant. The rupture probability of the target depended very little on the source size.     

不同通勤模式暴露于VOCs的健康风险评价

针对国内外交通微环境VOCs健康风险研究中通勤模式和有害挥发物较为单一的不足,选取广州市家庭轿车、空调公共汽车、非空调公共汽车、地铁和自行车这5种通勤模式中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛等8种VOCs,运用Monte-Carlo模拟方法,进行健康风险评价并对各吸入暴露参数做出敏感性分析.结果表明,空调公交车和家庭轿车的致癌风险较大,分别服从t分布和对数正态分布,为1.65×10~(-5)±5.74×10~(-9)和5.01×10~(-6)±3.56×10~(-11),超过10~(-6)的概率分别为97%和74.85%,自行车和非空调公交车次之,地铁的致癌风险最小,但平均值皆超过10~(-6);家庭轿车和空调公共汽车的非致癌风险较大,服从对数正态分布,分别为2.51±2.74和1.20±1.36,其中丙烯醛的贡献皆在80%以上,骑自行车的非致癌风险较小,预期将不会对人体健康产生威胁;各暴露参数中,对健康风险敏感度较大的依次为:每天的暴露时间(ET)、有害挥发物的浓度(CA)、终生暴露年限(ED)、呼吸速率(IR)和每年的暴露天数(EF),而体重(BW)具有负敏感性.     

基于Monte-Carlo随机有限元的火灾可靠性研究--以混凝土简支梁为例

通过对建筑火灾的背景分析和研究现状的回顾,指出了进行建筑火灾可靠性研究的必要性.介绍了蒙特卡罗随机有限元计算的基本原理、随机数的产生办法和模拟次数的确定,最后作者采用通用有限元程序ANSYS计算了混凝土简支梁在不同温度、保护层厚度和荷载下的火灾可靠性.     

储罐爆炸碎片最可能抛射距离的Monte-Carlo(蒙特卡罗)数值模拟

在总结前人工作的基础上,推导了储罐爆炸碎片抛射距离的理论计算公式,并给出具体的计算方法;分析了计算参数的不确定性,同时介绍用Monte-Carlo方法模拟高压储罐爆炸时碎片抛射距离的算法;在数值模拟结果的基础上,计算了碎片抛射距离的分布函数和概率密度函数,引入最可能抛射距离的概念,并指出可以用此来确定碎片抛射的危害范围。该方法对于定量评价储罐爆炸碎片危害性,减缓和控制碎片产生的风险,具有重要的意义。     

安全完整性水平评估中考察参数不确定性影响的一种方法

为有效减少参数不确定性对安全仪表系统安全完整性水平评估结果的影响,避免数据不充分等问题可能导致的较大评估偏差,以典型冗余结构为例,引入Monte-Carlo数值仿真方法计算平均要求时失效概率值,借助Matlab仿真,对结果进行统计特性分析。再通过与常用评估方法的比较,指出采用分布区间来描述评估结果有利于工程师更好地设计和应用安全仪表系统,总结采用Monte-Carlo方法考察参数不确定性问题的优势并提出该方法尚需改进的地方。     

潮汐河网水环境随机容量研究

根据潮汐河网水环境模型中水文及水质参数具有明显随机性的特点,本文建立了潮汐河网水环境随机模型,给出了随机参数的分布函数形式。用Monte-Carlo随机抽样法求解水项模型 当只抽一个样本时,随机模型的算法与确定性模型的算法一样。计算结果为水环境容量的分布函数,容量结果与保证率成一一对应关系。最后还对随机参数的分布函数形成进行了敏感性讨论。