Polar organic tracers in PM2.5 aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment

PM_(2.5) aerosol samples were collected over 12 hr and 24 hr intervals in an inland background area, Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve(hereafter shortened to Gongga), during the summer of 2011. Polar organic tracers, inorganic ions and meteorological data were measured. The purpose of this work was to investigate the variation patterns, formation and sources of the secondary organic aerosol tracers in the studied atmosphere. The average concentrations of isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, β-caryophyllinic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols and anhydrosugars were 88.6 ± 106.1, 3.6 ± 5.7,0.13 ± 0.30, 13.6 ± 13.1, 31.9 ± 31.4 and 14.8 ± 10.7 ng/m3 respectively in all aerosol samples.The aged α-pinene second organic aerosol(SOA) tracers(i.e., 3-hydroxyglutraric acid(3 HGA), 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylglutaric acid(HDMGA), 3-acetylpentandioic acid(APDA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid(MBTCA)) correlated significantly with each other in the 24 hr PM2.5 aerosol samples, indicating that OH· is the major factor controlling the formation of these α-pinene SOA tracers. Using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and the tracer-based source apportionment method, we calculated that isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, sesquiterpene oxidation products, biomass burning, fungi spores and anthropogenic SOA accounted for 21.9% ± 5.5%, 8.4% ± 2.1%, 3.0% ± 0.7%, 5.2% ± 5.3%, 5.0% ± 6.2% and 31.4% ± 7.8% of organic carbon respectively during the sampling period.     

塔儿山铁矿区土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析

通过采样分析山西省临汾市塔儿山铁矿区土壤中重金属元素的含量,揭示塔儿山铁矿区土壤中重金属污染的程度和来源,为矿区土壤污染治理修复提供参考依据。在尾矿区、复垦区、当地原始农业土壤区、处理污灌农地土区分别随机采集土壤样品,并进行9种重金属含量测定,采用地累积指数法和变异系数进行污染等级评价分析,并测定了土壤p H值。矿区As、Se、Zn、Pb 4种元素达到强度污染标准,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni 4种元素为轻中度污染,无Hg元素污染;铁矿区土壤的p H值高于8.0,属于强碱性,不利于农作物的正常生长发育。粗放的铁矿开采活动是产生重金属污染的主要原因。     

豫西地区植被覆盖的空间变化研究

应用遥感技术,利用长时间序列的SPOT VEGETATION NDVI数据集,结合改进的像元二分模型,对豫西山区1998年、2003年和2008年的植被覆盖度进行计算。结果表明,豫西山区植被覆盖总体上略有上升,局部地区植被覆盖度有所下降。高海拔区域植被覆盖相对稳定,退化概率较低;低海拔区域植被退化和恢复的概率都相对较高;坡度小的区域植被退化和修复的概率都较高;坡度较大的区域植被轻微退化概率增大,坡度越大,植被覆盖修复的概率越低;南坡和北坡植被覆盖度相对较高,东坡和西坡植被覆盖度较低;西南坡向的植被退化相对严重,东南坡向植被退化概率相对较低。     

重庆金佛山降雪中飞灰单颗粒特征及来源解析

大气降雪能够保存大气环境信息,是研究区域环境的良好介质.位于渝黔交接带的金佛山海拔2 251.1 m,冬季降水以降雪的形式出现,周边区域人类活动强烈.关于该区域大气气溶胶中的飞灰单颗粒特征的研究比较缺乏.本研究采集了金佛山5个降雪样品,运用扫描电镜及X能谱分析联用系统(SEM-EDS)对样品中的132个飞灰进行单颗粒形貌、化学组成分析.结果表明,研究区降雪中存在大量球形飞灰,包含光滑颗粒、粗糙颗粒及聚合体颗粒3种形态,分别占统计颗粒的80.31%、14.39%和5.30%;平均粒径1.64μm,平均环度1.09.按主导化学元素分为富硅类、富碳类、富铁类、富铝类及富钛类5种,所占比例分别为34.09%、49.24%、12.88%、2.27%和1.52%.结合气象资料、气团后向运移轨迹和飞灰性质,推测富碳类飞灰可能主要来自于生活排放源和工业活动;富硅类飞灰可能来自于渝西、黔北、湘中、浙赣一带及粤西的火力发电厂等高温燃煤工业;富铁类及富钛类飞灰则可能来源于渝西和黔北、湘中的钢铁厂、轧钢厂等金属冶炼活动.     

青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞传输过程

为研究青藏高原内陆典型冰川区"冰川-径流"汞输送过程,于2011年8月15日~9月9日对青藏高原内陆念青唐古拉山脉扎当冰川-曲嘎切流域内雪坑、冰川融水以及径流进行了采样,检测了不同环境介质中汞浓度,并分析了不同介质中汞的控制因素及输送过程.结果表明,扎当冰川-曲嘎切流域内雪坑、冰川融水以及曲嘎切径流中总汞浓度分别为(3.79±5.12)、(1.06±0.77)和(1.02±0.24)ng·L-1,处于全球背景水平.不同环境介质中均以颗粒态汞为主,受到总悬浮颗粒物和径流量的控制.随着气温升高,冰川消融,受其补给的河流径流量增加.不同环境介质间,从冰川末端融水到曲嘎切下游河水,总汞浓度峰值时间分别是14:00、16:00和20:00以后,体现了汞在"冰川-径流"环境系统中随冰川消融、径流量变化的释放和传输过程.冰川补给河流汞的传输受多种因素制约,气候变化背景下,冰川消融和径流增加带来的侵蚀将在汞释放及其向下游传输发挥日益重要的作用.     

Evidence of response of vegetation to environmental change on high-elevation sites in the Swiss Alps

Climate change has in the past led to shifts in vegetation patterns; in a future, warmer climate due to enhanced greenhouse-gas concentrations, vegetation is also likely to be highly responsive to such warming. Mountain regions are considered to be particularly sensitive to such changes. In this paper we present an approach to assess the impact of climate change on long-term vegetation plots at the high-elevation site of the Schynige Platte, 2000 m above sea level, in the Bernese Alps (Switzerland). Records of vegetation spanning the period from 1928 to today at two different sites, each with several plots, were considered. The observed change in the species composition was then related to changes in land use and climate. We used daily values of temperature, snow and precipitation from several high-elevation weather stations to conduct these analyses. The correlation between climate and vegetation patterns revealed that species that prefer low thermal conditions move out of the plots, i.e., their frequency of occurrence is negatively correlated with the average number of degree-days over the last six decades. On the other hand, species with higher thermal demands are seen to be invading the plots, i.e., their frequency of occurrence is positively correlated to the average number of degree-days. Nutrient changes – though independent from climate – also play an important role in the observed shifts in species. Received: 20 June 1999 · Accepted: 14 January 2000     

伏牛山旅游资源评价及开发对策

伏牛山东西绵延几百公里,构成黄河、淮河和长江三大水系分水岭,其独特的地理位置,造就了奇特的自然景观;悠久的历史,留下了丰富多彩的历史文化遗产.然而,伏牛山的旅游业长期以来没有得到应有的关注和开发.在对伏牛山旅游资源开发条件评价的基础上,阐述了伏牛山旅游资源的开发原则,针对性地提出了开发设想,以便尽早使伏牛山成为我国中原地区旅游的新热点.     

天柱山国内旅游市场空间结构分析与优化

从旅游客源和客流两方面分析了天柱山国内旅游市场的空间结构特征及其演化:2002年与1996年相比,天柱山国内旅游客源市场有扩散趋势,但仍呈较强的集中性,客源吸引半径小幅上升,呈明显的近程性;旅游客流在景区空间呈现多中心辐射扩散的分布点.在此基础上,划分了天柱山国内旅游市场空间圈层结构,对不同的圈层结构提出了不同的经营策略,以达到优化市场空间结构的目的.     

峨眉山降水电导率变化规律初探

本文通过对峨眉山山顶和山下１９８６年～１９９５年降水电导率变化规律的分析发现,其两地电导率与降雨量及降水酸度存在一定的关系,也存在一定的差异。这差异表明山顶降水酸度来源于中长距离的传输     

峨眉山环境现状研究

峨眉山是世界名山，其主要风景林－－冷杉出现大面积衰败和死亡。本文概述了峨眉山的地理和气候特点，研究了土壤、植被、大气环境及旅游现状；为深入研究峨眉山冷杉衰亡的原因提供基础资料，为恢复和建设峨眉山的生态环境提供思路和参考。