螯合剂对小麦幼苗吸收金属以及土壤金属形态的效应

本文通过盆栽试验研究三种螯合剂(EDTA、[S,S]-EDDS、DTPA)对小麦幼苗吸收土壤中重金属及其它微量元素的效应,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了种植后土壤样品中金属元素的形态。结果表明:EDTA、DTPA的添加导致小麦幼苗地上部分生物量以及叶片叶绿素a含量显著下降。螯合剂的存在明显增加了Pb和Mn在幼苗根部和茎叶的富集,并增加其由根部向茎叶的传输,但对Fe和Ni的作用比较小。小麦幼苗收获时,除Zn之外,其它元素酸溶/可交换态金属含量与对照组相比均有非常显著的增加,而各元素的可还原态由于EDTA等螯合剂的添加而有明显下降。添加螯合剂的情况下,富集量与酸溶/可交换态含量之间的相关系数大大提高,且各处理组茎叶富集量与酸溶/可交换态之间呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。因此,三种螯合剂的添加主要影响的是生物可利用形态以及潜在的生物可利用形态,并且可能导致可还原态以及可氧化态向酸溶/可交换态转变,增加金属的生物可利用性,从而也增加潜在生态风险。     

碳二馏分加氢反应装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法 (第七版 ) ,对碳二馏分加氢反应装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价 ,其结果表明 ,该装置的火灾爆炸危险等级为“非常大”。为了降低该装置的危险程度 ,笔者提出了采取有效的安全补偿措施 ,以降低单元的危险程度的新思路。通过分析表明 ,针对部分补偿系数对装置进行安全改进 ,能有效地降低其危险性等级 ,同时可以为避免重大危险源火灾爆炸事故 ,提供切实可行的手段和途径。     

Levels and speciation of heavy metals in soils of industrial Southern Nigeria

A knowledge of the total content of trace metals is not enoughto fully assess the environmental impact of polluted soils. Forthis reason, the determination of metal species in solution isimportant to evaluate their behaviour in the environment andtheir mobilization capacity. Sequential extraction procedure wasused to speciate five heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn) fromfour contaminated soils of Southern Nigeria into sixoperationally defined geochemical species: water soluble,enchangeable, carbonates, Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual.Metal recoveries were within ± 10% of the independentlydetermined total Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations. The highest amount of Cd (avg. 30%) in the nonresidual fractionswas found in the exchangeable fraction, while Cu and Zn weresignificantly associated with the organic fraction. Thecarbonate fraction contained on average 14, 18.6, 12.6, 13 and11% and the residual fraction contained on average 47, 18, 33,50 and 25% of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn respectively. Assuming thatmobility and bioavailability of these metals are related to thesolubility of the geochemical form of the metals, and that theydecrease in the order of extraction sequence, the apparentmobility and potential bioavailability for these five metals inthe soil were: Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The mobility indexes ofcopper and nickel correlated positively and significantly withthe total content of metals, while mobility indexes of cadmiumand zinc correlated negatively and significantly with the totalcontent of metals.     

STABLE ISOTOPE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT: Stable isotopes of deuterium and oxygen-18 of surface and ground water, together with anion concentrations and hydraulic gradients, were used to interpret mixing and flow in ground water impacted by artificial recharge. The surface water fraction (SWF), the percentage of surface water in the aquifer impacted via recharge, was estimated at different locations and depths using measured deuterium/hydrogen (DIH) ratios during the 1992, 1993, and 1994 recharge seasons. Recharged surface water completely displaced the ground water beneath the recharge basins from the regional water table at 7.60 m to 12.16 m below the land surface. Mixing occurred beneath the recharge structures in the lower portions of the aquifer (>12.16 m). Approximately 12 m down-gradient from the recharge basin, the deeper zone (19.15 m depth) of the primary aquifer was displaced completely by recharged surface water within 193, 45, and 55 days in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. At the end of the third recharge season, recharged surface water represented ～50 percent of the water in the deeper zone of the primary aquifer ～1000 m downgradient from the recharge basin. A classic asymmetrical distribution of recharged surface water resulted from the recharge induced horizontal and vertical hydraulic gradients. The distribution and breakthrough times of recharged surface water obtained with stable isotopes concurred with those of major anions and bromide in a tracer test conducted during the 1995 recharge season. This stable isotope procedure effectively quantified mixing between surface and ground water.     

典型碳酸盐岩区耕地土壤剖面重金属形态迁移转化特征及生态风险评价

碳酸盐岩土壤母质区是我国耕地土壤重金属高含量的主要分布区,且耕地重金属迁移转化受到自然过程与人为活动的交互影响.以广西碳酸盐岩母质水田9条土壤剖面为研究对象,在分析测试土壤Cd、As、Zn、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb含量、pH、Corg含量等土壤性质指标以及Cd、As、Zn和Cr赋存形态基础上,重点探讨了研究区耕地土...     

北京市密云水库上游金矿区土壤稀土元素的地球化学特征

采集了密云水库上游金矿区的34个土壤表层样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了土壤稀土元素含量,研究了土壤不同粒级中稀土元素的分布特征,并对土壤稀土元素含量分布的影响因素、累积效应、配分模式及分馏特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:金矿区土壤稀土元素总量∑REE略高于中国大陆土壤∑REE背景值。随着颗粒粒径的减少,稀土元素及总有机碳(TOC)含量均逐渐增加。相关性分析表明,各稀土元素均表现出相似的相关性,与全量元素Li、V、Co、Ga、Rb、Cs呈正相关,与Cu、Cd、Pb及pH呈负相关,与TOC呈显著正相关;土壤pH、有机质和矿物质成分与稀土元素含量分布密切相关。累积因子(AF)分析表明,稀土元素在粘粒级(0~2μm)、粉砂粒级(2~50μm)中表现出显著的累积效应,这是由于微细颗粒比表面积较大,次生矿物及有机质含量较高。经球粒陨石标准化后,各粒级稀土元素总体配分曲线相近,均表现为Ce无异常,Eu明显亏损,50μm的粗粒级Eu亏损较细粒级更为严重。土壤轻重稀土分馏程度关系为:砂粒级(50~350μm)粉砂粒级(2~50μm)粘粒级(0~2μm)。该研究结论将为选取稀土元素作为示踪剂提供科学依据,并为不同粒级中稀土元素的进一步研究提供一定的参考价值。     

南京北郊大气细粒子在人体呼吸系统沉积特性

使用宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)对2015年1月和4月南京北郊大气气溶胶数浓度进行观测,使用多路径粒子剂量测量模型(MPPD)v.3.04模式估算不同空气质量指数(AQI)级别下、休息与运动状态下,细粒子在人体呼吸系统不同部位的沉积分数(DF)和沉积数浓度.结果发现,核模态和爱根核模态DF在休息和运动状态下近似,积聚模态DF在运动时是休息时的2.49倍.肺部对核模态和爱根核模态总沉积分数(TDF)贡献最大,休息时约占48.17%,运动时约占54.23%,头部对积聚模态TDF贡献最大,休息时约占41.23%,运动时约占80.47%.冬季人体内颗粒物沉积数浓度明显低于春季,各部位中总沉积数浓度大小为:肺部气管支气管头部.与休息时相比,运动时肺部核模态沉积增多,气管及支气管和头部积聚模态沉积增多,且头部表现出空气质量越差,运动较休息增长越多的特点.地区间DF的差异主要由于生理参数不同,沉积数浓度的差异主要由于当地环境中粒子数浓度不同.     

石油水溶性成分对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育及种群动态的影响

溢油污染对近岸生态系统的平衡与稳定危害极大。本研究以石油水溶性成分(water-accommodated fraction,WAF)为目标,研究其对海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育和种群动态变化的影响,以期为阐明或评估海洋溢油污染的潜在威胁提供依据。研究结果表明,(1) WAF抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长,随着胁迫时间的延长抑制作用不断增强,呈现显著剂量-毒性效应的正相关,其48、72和96 h的半数有效抑制浓度(EC_(50))分别为5.42、4.81和4.39 mg·L~(-1)。(2)WAF能显著影响褶皱臂尾轮虫的生殖和发育过程,缩短轮虫的平均寿命和生殖周期,使得进入生殖期的时间滞后,个体发育延迟;基于生命表的研究发现,其内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)和生命期望(E_0)显著降低,世代周期(T)延长,其中r_m、λ和R_0变化较其他指标明显,可作为灵敏指示褶皱臂尾轮虫响应WAF胁迫的指示指标。     

饶河入鄱阳湖口处沉积物中重金属分布特征及形态研究

为了解饶河入鄱阳湖湖口重金属污染状况,在鄱阳湖饶河入湖段设置了3个采样点,用原子吸收分光光度计对沉积物进行了重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的测定,分析了这3种元素在各采样点的形态分布特征.结果表明:饶河人鄱阳湖口处沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn的污染较为严重,呈现出复合污染的趋势.该区域沉积物中3种元素的分布受水流的影响较大,其形态...     

土壤铜形态及有机物质的影响

概述了土壤铜的形态区分，影响铜形态分配的因素，有机物质对土壤铜形态与活性的影响，以及有机物质改良铜污染土壤的效果。指出了有机物质改良重金属污染土壤是可行的方法，但有关机理尚待深入研究。