Preferential binding between intracellular organic matters and Al13 polymer to enhance coagulation performance

Coagulation is the best available method for removing intracellular organic matter (IOM), which is released from algae cells and is an important precursor to disinfection by-products in drinking water treatment. To gain insight into the best strategy to optimize IOM removal, the coagulation performance of two Al salts, i.e., aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl, containing 81.2% Al₁₃), was investigated to illuminate the effect of Al species distribution on IOM removal. PACl showed better removal efficiency than AlCl₃ with regard to the removal of turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), owing to the higher charge neutralization effect and greater stability of pre-formed Al₁₃ species. High pressure size exclusion chromatography analysis indicated that the superiority of PACl in DOC removal could be ascribed to the higher binding affinity between Al₁₃ polymer and the low and medium molecular weight (MW) fractions of IOM. The results of differential log-transformed absorbance at 254 and 350?nm indicated more significant formation of complexes between AlCl₃ and IOM, which benefits the removal of tryptophan-like proteins thereafter. Additionally, PACl showed more significant superiority compared to AlCl₃ in the removal of < 5?kDa and hydrophilic fractions, which are widely viewed as the most difficult to remove by coagulation. This study provides insight into the interactions between Al species and IOM, and advances the optimization of coagulation for the removal of IOM in eutrophic water.     

宜宾市冬季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源

为了解宜宾市冬季VOCs（volatile organic compounds,挥发性有机物）污染特征,于2016年12月选取宜宾市2个国控环境监测点位,采集冬季环境空气VOCs样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩仪-气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定大气中89种VOCs物种,分析VOCs体积分数及其物种组成情况,并对其主要来源进行识别.结果表明:宜宾市区冬季环境空气中φ（VOCs）平均值为35.10×10-9,φ（VOCs）最高值和最低值分别为67.34×10-9、20.58×10-9;监测VOCs物种类别中芳香烃占比最高,其次为烷烃、卤代烃;体积分数较大的VOCs物种主要为苯、甲苯、氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、异丁烷、异丙醇、正丁烷等.CMB（化学质量平衡）模型源解析宜宾市冬季环境空气VOCs的六大主要贡献源分别为移动源、油气挥发源、溶剂使用源、工艺过程源、生物质燃烧源和其他源.以2015年为基准年,利用排放因子法对宜宾市VOCs进行排放量计算发现,宜宾市VOCs年排放量为39.54×103 t,其中,工艺过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源、化石燃料燃烧源的贡献率分别为35.5%、24.5%、28.9%、8.0%.研究显示,对宜宾市冬季环境空气中VOCs贡献率较大的污染源分别为移动源、溶剂使用源、工艺过程源等。      

用历史地震影响烈度进行安徽烈度区划研究

建立了安徽79个市、县历史地震影响烈度目录,并利用其统计特征进行烈度区划研究．结果表明：在中等强度地震区及所利用的烈度资料分布区间相对较窄的情况下,仍可用历史地震影响烈度分析方法进行烈度区划。与“中国地震烈度区划图（1990）”安徽部分对比,两者概貌大致相同,但也有所差异,都从不同角度反映了未来地震危险性的区域特征。     

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma Major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｑｕａｔｉｃｆａｒｍｓｌａｒｇｅｒｔｈａｎ 1 4ｋｍ2 ａｒｅｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆＷｅｓｔＨａｒｂｏｒ,ＸｉａｍｅｎＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌｉｔｙｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.Ｔｈｅｓｅｆａｒｍｓａｒｅｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｅａｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｏｗｉｎｇｔｏｒａｐｉｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ.Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｎｇｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｆｉｓｈｅｒｙ,ｃｏｎｃｏｍｉｔａｎｔｗｉｔｈｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｍｏｒ…     

Pollution monitoring of marine organisms grown in the Zhoushan Sea of China

ＰｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｏｆｍａｒｉｎｅｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｇｒｏｗｎｉｎｔｈｅＺｈｏｕｓｈａｎＳｅａｏｆＣｈｉｎａＺｈｏｕＱｉｘｉｎｇ，ＺｈｕＹｉｎｍｅｉＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇ...     

土壤中元素磷的地球化学

土壤磷素包括无机磷和有机磷。由于生物有效性的不同 ,无机磷和有机磷又可分为各种形态的无机磷和有机磷组分。土壤磷素的生物地球化学行为受多种因素的影响。为此本文概述了土壤中元素磷的地球化学行为及其影响因素。     

不同Cu形态在土壤-植物系统中的可利用性及其活性诱导

通过偏剔除法与重金属模拟形态试验 ,研究了Cu各形态的植物可利用性以及EDTA、味精废水、柠檬酸废水对各形态Cu的溶出和植物吸收与转运的影响 .结果表明 ,Cu各形态的植物可利用性的顺序为水溶交换态、有机结合态 >碳酸盐结合态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 >残渣态 ;Cu各形态受活化情况和植物吸收情况与外源物质的成分与性质有关 ,EDTA对Cu形态的溶出与促进植物吸收与转运Cu素的效果最为明显 ,味精废水次之 .     

长江口赤潮多发区潜在有毒藻类和赤潮毒素的初步调查

通过长江口赤潮多发区2003年-2005年的有毒藻类和贝类原产地赤潮毒素的监测,初步结果表明该海域存在多种潜在有毒藻类,主要包括产麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、塔玛亚历山大藻(A．tamarens),产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)的渐尖鳍藻(Dinophysis acuminata,)、具尾鳍藻(D．caudata)、倒卵形鳍藻(D．fortii);产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia pungens)、多列拟菱形藻(P．multiseries)、柔弱拟菱形藻(P.delicatissima )和多纹拟菱形藻(P．multistriata);产神经性贝毒(NSP)的短凯伦藻(Karenia brevis),其他有毒有害藻类包括红色裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sanguineum)、Heterocapsa circularisquama、米氏凯伦藻(K．mikimotoi)、Chatenela marina,Heterisigma akashiwo等其他有毒藻类。有毒藻类种类5、6月份较多,产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)和产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的潜在有毒藻类常年均在该海域出现,这些有毒有害藻类多数密度并不高,Heterocapsa cirularisquama曾在2003年和2005年两次形成赤潮,并导致部分养殖贻贝死亡,米氏凯伦藻于2005年5-6月在长江口海域形成大规模赤潮,并导致养殖鱼类死亡。与有毒藻类监测同步开展了赤潮毒素检测,长江口贝类赤潮毒素检出时段主要集中在5-8月份,麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒的检出率分别为5％和15％左右,敏感种类为养殖的紫贻贝。     

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

Pagrosomus major larvae were to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbon in No.0 diesel oil(corresponding to No.2 fuel oil) at concentration of 0,0.17,1.22 and 8.82mg/L for up to 15 days.Larvae were sampled on days 9 and 15 of the experiment.Supernatants of viscera tissue extractions were assayed for biochemical response in terms of oxidative stress-superoxide dismutase(SOD),activity of selenium-dependant glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and catalase(Ca),and the concentration of reduced glutathione(CSH).On day 9 of exposure ,statistically significant dose-related increases in Se-GPx and SOD activity,and GSH concentration were observed in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related response was only observed for Se-GPx activity.GSH concentration decreased and SOD activity showed no statistical difference as compared to controls.However, a significant decrease in compared to day 9 Se-GPx activity and GSH concentration, in contrast to increase SOD activity at day 15 as indicates an accelerated accumulation of H2O2 and potential oxidative damage under long term exposure of larvae to hydrocarbons.No statistical changes were observed in Ca activity throughout the experiment, possibly owing to the high efficiency of Se-GPx.A recovery experiment was performed on indicating that the response of antioxidants measured tending to returm to return to their control levels.These results prove the function of the antioxidant defense system of the larvae to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.     

湘江子流域重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属镉污染源识别

土壤重金属Cd（镉）是威胁人类健康最严重的重金属污染元素之一.土壤Cd污染来源复杂,明确土壤重金属分布特征,探索重点污染企业影响区土壤重金属源解析方法,对土壤Cd污染防治具有重要意义.2018年5-9月,以湘江流域头山、大河滩两个子流域为研究对象,采用系统布点法,借助2 km×2 km的网格在研究区内均匀布点共计2 638个,分析重点污染企业对土壤Cd污染的影响及w（Cd）的空间分布特征,并借助双变量局部莫兰指数方法（bivariate local Moran's I）、广义加性模型（GAM）量化土壤中w（Cd）与企业分布的空间相关性及不同行业源的贡献率.结果表明:①研究区土壤中w（Cd）为0.032~14.01 mg/kg,平均值（0.63 mg/kg）较高,高值区主要分布在研究区西部,低值区位于研究区东部.②研究区重点污染企业总体聚集程度不高（Moran's I=0.45）,而分行业企业呈显著的高聚集分布（0.88 ≤ Moran's I ≤ 0.97）特征,尤其是冶炼与压延加工业的集聚性最为明显.③土壤中w（Cd）与不同行业的空间相关聚类分析发现,存在较大区域的H-H[土壤w（Cd）高值与企业高密度]聚类分布,说明土壤中w（Cd）受企业分布的影响较大,在企业集聚区存在较多的土壤w（Cd）高值区.④在企业影响区内,土壤w（Cd）分布受行业影响排序依次为采选业>化学品制造业>冶炼和压延加工业>其他行业,其方差解释率分别为51.2%、48.0%、46.2%、19.3%.研究显示,研究区土壤中w（Cd）分布受企业的影响明显,在污染源识别中采选业对土壤Cd污染影响最突出,研究结果可为湘江流域土壤重金属污染防治和企业污染源的管理提供依据.