城市生活有机垃圾各组分的厌氧消化产甲烷能力

通过生化产甲烷能力(BMP)测定实验确定了葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜、纸张、动物油、植物油和瘦肉等7种城市生活有机垃圾(BOFMSW)组分的生化产甲烷能力,并研究了抑制动物油、植物油和瘦肉厌氧消化过程的影响因素.实验结果表明,葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜和纸张在发酵过程中没有消化抑制发生,4种原料的生化产甲烷能力分别为241、210、147和244mL·g-1,相应地占理论产甲烷能力的64.5%、56.3%、32.6%和67.9%.瘦肉的厌氧消化过程停止产气后,消化液的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度为15800mg·L-1,其中丙酸浓度为2509mg·L-1;消化液中氨氮浓度为13892mg.L-1;较高的VFAs和氨氮浓度共同作用形成消化过程的"抑制型稳态",抑制了产甲烷菌的产甲烷代谢,导致酸化率较高而生物气转化率却很低.猪油和花生油等脂类原料的厌氧消化,由于水解和酸化细菌受到长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)的抑制而影响了原料的降解和酸化,酸化率仅分别为11.5%和10.O%.     

广州城区秋季大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子分析

分别在广州市中心城区高楼顶(距地50m)和交通干线路边(距地1.2m),于2006年秋季连续一周采集了大气PM2.5样品,对比分析了SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、F-、Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+等9种水溶性无机离子含量。结果表明,楼顶相对充分混合大气中PM2.5的质量浓度范围59.5～129.5μg/m3,均值为83.7μg/m3;交通干线路边大气PM2.5的质量浓度范围为108.4～132.2μg/m3,均值为121.1μg/m3。9种离子总浓度平均达到50.9(楼顶)和44.1(路边)μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的60.8%(楼顶)和36.4%(路边)。SO42-和NO3-为水溶性无机离子主要组成,其占PM2.5质量浓度的比例均是楼顶高于路边,显示二次气溶胶对楼顶充分混合大气中PM2.5有较大贡献,而路边样品中一次来源贡献相对较大。计算表明采样期间海盐对广州大气PM2.5中的水溶性组分贡献较小。NH4+当量浓度远小于SO42-和NO3-的当量浓度,中和度远1,反映PM2.5酸性较强,且楼项PM2.5粒子酸性高于路边样品。     

镁盐添加对猪粪堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响

考察了添加氯化镁对猪粪高温堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响.结果表明,高温堆肥结束后,同对照堆体相比(氨气形态的氮素损失量为56.60g),添加镁盐的堆体(氨气形态的氮素损失量为24.25 g)减少了58%的氯气排放量;并且添加镁盐的堆体比对照堆体的总氮(TN)含量高出18%.分级磷的研究结果显示,尽管添加镁盐的堆体与对照堆体的总磷(TP)浓度接近,其中镁盐堆体TP为14.2 g/kg,对照堆体TP为12.0 g/kg,但添加镁盐有助于保留猪粪堆肥中的磷素,其中对照堆体中易溶解态磷占总磷的比例从30%提高到65%,而添加镁盐的堆体易溶解态磷的比例变化不大,保持在30%.添加镁盐的堆体中生成了含有磷酸镁的混合晶体,这可能是易溶解态磷比例减少的主要原因.     

Effect of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter on toxicity and bioavailability of copper to lettuce

To clarify the e ects of molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity and bioavailability of copper (Cu) to plants, DOM extracted from chicken manure was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to their molecular weights by means of sequential-stage ultrafiltration technique. Lettuce seeds were germinated by being exposed to the solutions containing Cu2+ with or without di erent fractions of DOM. The concentration of copper in roots, leaves, sprouts and the length of roots were investigated. The results showed that not all fractions of DOM could improve copper availability or toxicity. The fraction of DOM with larger molecular weight more than 1 kDa had higher complexation stability with Cu2+ and caused lower concentration of free Cu2+ ion in the solution of copper plus the fraction, resulting in lower availability and toxicity of copper to lettuce, but the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa had the opposite function. Therefore, the molecular weight of 1 kDa may be the division point to determine DOM to increase or decrease copper availability and toxicity.     

兽药金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附特征研究

通过振荡平衡吸附试验,研究了兽药金霉素在鸡粪和猪粪上的吸持特征并对其吸附机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,金霉素能被畜禽粪便强烈吸附,吸附过程属于快速吸附,吸附等温线呈非线性,能用Freundlich模型很好地描述;雨水很难解吸被粪便吸附的金霉素,存在解吸迟滞现象,用甲醇、3 mol/L NaCl和3 mol/L MgCl2 3种溶液仅分别解吸出了18.3%～20.4%、18.7%～19.4%和55.7%～57.6%被粪便吸附的金霉素.金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附受pH和离子强度影响,随pH值和离子强度增大吸附量减少,二价钙离子体系比一价钠离子体系对吸附的影响大.表明有机质吸附和阳离子交换可能是金霉素在畜禽粪便上主要的吸附机制.     

室内人体行走引起颗粒物再悬浮的试验研究

室内人员活动是室内颗粒物再悬浮的重要因素,研究室内颗粒物再悬浮对评估室内空气质量有重要意义.以南开大学津南校区某公共教室为研究区域,通过现场试验研究了室内地面不同积尘负荷下,人员行走引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度及其扩散速率.结果表明:①不同时间间隔内的室内地面总颗粒积尘负荷不同,时间间隔为3、7、15 d时,室内PM_2.5积尘负荷分别为0.11、0.18、0.30 g/m2.②室内地面不同总颗粒积尘负荷下,在室内中心过道处行走时引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度约1 min后达到最高值,PM_2.5再悬浮浓度达到最高值的时间与地面不同总颗粒积尘负荷的关系不明显.③随着室内地面总颗粒积尘负荷的增加,人体行走引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度也会增加.当室内PM_2.5积尘负荷为0.30 g/m2时,行走路径中游坐姿1.1 m处与站姿呼吸平面1.5 m处的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度平均值分别为3.03、2.68 μg/m3,约是室内PM_2.5积尘负荷为0.18与0.11 g/m2时引起的PM_2.5再悬浮浓度平均值的2~3倍.④利用颗粒物传输模型对PM_2.5再悬浮进行量化分析发现,室内地面不同总颗粒积尘负荷的大小与PM_2.5再悬浮分数无关,PM_2.5再悬浮分数为2.2×10-8;室内PM_2.5积尘负荷为0.11、0.18、0.30 g/m2时,行走引起的再悬浮PM_2.5扩散速率分别为7.62×10-11、1.25×10-10、2.08×10-10 kg/s.研究显示,地面积尘负荷的大小会影响人体行走时颗粒物的扩散速率与室内PM_2.5浓度.      

Adsorption and thermodynamic parameters of chlorantraniliprole and dinotefuran on clay loam soil with difference in particle size and pH

The behavior of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and dinotefuran (DNF) insecticides was investigated in clay loam soil, a common type of the Egyptian soil. Effect of temperature, pH and particle size of the soil on the adsorption process was studied. Adsorption isotherm by bulk soil and its constituents; humic acid (HA), clay, silt and sand fractions was measured using batch equilibration technique. The results showed that the adsorption of the insecticides tested was significantly affected by the temperature and was a spontaneous interfacial process in the soil. Freundlich model accurately predicted the adsorption behavior of both insecticides. The interaction between soil and insecticides was endothermic and the highest adsorption for CAP and DNF was obtained at pH 9. However, the effect of pH on the adsorption of DNF was lower than that of CAP. Sorption of CAP and DNF on HA fraction was significantly greater than on clay fraction and bulk soil. In addition, the adsorption was significantly increased with particle size decrease. It could be inferred that the adsorption of CAP and DNF on clay loam soil was physical in nature and greatly influenced by the soil components, pH and temperature.     

Subcellular distribution op neurotoxic esterase activity in lamb and mouse brain

Abstract

Brain tissue samples of nice (7.5 g from 25 mouse brains and lamb (25 g) were homogenized and subcellular fractions prepared in order to assay the distribution of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity. The specific inhibitor, N,N‐diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) was synthesized and purified. Maximum specific activity of NTE was reached in the microsomal fraction (110,000 g) while the enzyme activity in the soluble fraction (110,000 g) was extremely low. This subcellular distribution of NTE activity in mammal brains is an original contribution. Brain microsomal fraction is suggested to be a more reliable source for the highest activity of NTE. The specific activity of NTE of lamb brain was much higher than that of mouse brain. This night help interpretation of the characteristic species variation in susceptibility to NTE inhibitors which are known to be potent delayed neurotoxic agents.     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

Linking desorption kinetics to phenanthrene biodegradation in soil

The desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often exhibits a biphasic profile similar to that observed for biodegradation whereby an initial rapid phase of degradation or desorption is followed by a phase of much slower transformation or release. Most investigations to-date have utilised a polymeric sorbent, such as Tenax, to characterise desorption, which is methodologically unsuitable for the analysis of soil. In this study, desorption kinetics of ¹⁴C-phenanthrene were measured by consecutive extraction using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD). The data indicate that the fraction extracted after 24 h generally approximated the linearly sorbed, rapidly desorbing fraction (F_rap), calculated using a three-compartment model. A good linear correlation between phenanthrene mineralised and F_rap was observed (r² = 0.89; gradient = 0.85; intercept = 8.20). Hence HPCD extraction (24 h) and first-order three-compartment modelling appear to provide an operationally straightforward tool for estimating mass-transfer limited biodegradation in soil.