两种沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响

在实验室模拟研究根系发达的沉水植物狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)和无固定根的沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)对上覆水、间隙水中各形态磷的浓度及含量比例的影响,探讨不同根系特征的沉水植物对上覆水和间隙水中各形态磷的影响.结果表明,狐尾藻和金鱼藻生长期对上覆水和间隙水中各溶解态磷的浓度有较大的影响:(1)狐尾藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为7.0%、11.7%、3.5%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为20.8%、12.5%、48.4%;(2)金鱼藻生长期对上覆水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为30.3%、54.9%、13.2%,对间隙水中DTP、SRP、DOP吸收率分别为19.3%、3.8%、30.4%;(3)狐尾藻组、金鱼藻组、对照组上覆水中SRP含量比例较初始状态分别减少了13.0%、34.0%、-0.9%,PP分别增加了18.2%、33.1%、4.2%,DOP分别增加了7.2%、17.68%、-4.35%.研究结果可为同类富营养化湖泊生态修复提供理论指导.     

Total Contents and Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater,Akaki, Ethiopia

The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0–20 and 30–50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0–20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30–50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

兽药金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附特征研究

通过振荡平衡吸附试验,研究了兽药金霉素在鸡粪和猪粪上的吸持特征并对其吸附机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,金霉素能被畜禽粪便强烈吸附,吸附过程属于快速吸附,吸附等温线呈非线性,能用Freundlich模型很好地描述;雨水很难解吸被粪便吸附的金霉素,存在解吸迟滞现象,用甲醇、3 mol/L NaCl和3 mol/L MgCl2 3种溶液仅分别解吸出了18.3%～20.4%、18.7%～19.4%和55.7%～57.6%被粪便吸附的金霉素.金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附受pH和离子强度影响,随pH值和离子强度增大吸附量减少,二价钙离子体系比一价钠离子体系对吸附的影响大.表明有机质吸附和阳离子交换可能是金霉素在畜禽粪便上主要的吸附机制.     

镁盐添加对猪粪堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响

考察了添加氯化镁对猪粪高温堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响.结果表明,高温堆肥结束后,同对照堆体相比(氨气形态的氮素损失量为56.60g),添加镁盐的堆体(氨气形态的氮素损失量为24.25 g)减少了58%的氯气排放量;并且添加镁盐的堆体比对照堆体的总氮(TN)含量高出18%.分级磷的研究结果显示,尽管添加镁盐的堆体与对照堆体的总磷(TP)浓度接近,其中镁盐堆体TP为14.2 g/kg,对照堆体TP为12.0 g/kg,但添加镁盐有助于保留猪粪堆肥中的磷素,其中对照堆体中易溶解态磷占总磷的比例从30%提高到65%,而添加镁盐的堆体易溶解态磷的比例变化不大,保持在30%.添加镁盐的堆体中生成了含有磷酸镁的混合晶体,这可能是易溶解态磷比例减少的主要原因.     

Investigation into atmospheric deposition through precipitation studies at New Delhi (India)

Rain water samples were collected during the monsoon of 1994, using automatic wet-only and manual bulk collectors at a height of 30 m above the ground at the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The average pH of the rain water was 5.7 and its chemical composition was dominated by NH₄ and SO₄. The free acidity of the rain water was found to be due to S04 rather than N03 and it was mainly neutralized by NH₄ and Ca. Calculation of sea salt fraction and enrichment factor revealed that this site is free for marine influence. On an average the bulk samples had 13% higher concentration than that of wet-only samples which may be due to the deposition of soil-derived particles during the 24 h period of exposure. The higher neutralization factors of Ca and Mg in bulk samples and highest dry deposition rates for Ca in comparison to other components, indicated the positive interference of dust particles in neutralization.     

温度对外源性重金属镉在土-水界面间形态转化的影响

通过室内培养试验、采用逐级提取法研究了不同温度(-30℃、10℃、30℃)对土壤中不同剂量外源重金属镉形态转化的影响。结果表明:在30℃和10℃条件下外源加入土壤中的镉以交换态为主,且在30℃条件下镉的活性要强于10℃。在-30℃条件下,当土壤中镉总量较高时,冷冻导致镉在短期内存在形态以残渣态为主,而在培养后期交换态镉的分配系数较大;当土壤中镉总量较低时冷冻过程使镉活性增强,交换态镉的分配系数较大。冷冻过程中有机质结合态镉的含量未检测出来,说明有机质与镉的螯合作用减弱。土壤中镉含量越多,非残渣态镉的相对含量也随之增高,镉的毒性相对也增强。     

风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的解吸特征影响

采用平衡解吸法研究了风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的解吸特征影响。结果表明,去除腐殖质后的风沙土氨氮解吸比例增加（由0.58增加到0.68）,同时,解吸迟滞性指数显著降低（由0.067降低到0.021）,说明腐殖质是影响风沙土氨氮解吸特征的重要因素;氨氮在轻组有机组分上的表面分配作用吸附是导致解吸比例增大,解吸迟滞性指数减小的原因;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质（胡敏素）对氨氮的解吸起关键作用,它不但解吸比例较低（Dr=0.23）,而且解吸迟滞性指数较大（TⅡ=0.458）;氨氮在紧结态和稳结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体颗粒微孔隙中的不可逆吸附是导致解吸比例降低、解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;考查土壤对氨氮的解吸特征不但要考虑有机质的含量,更要考虑有机质的存在形态,它也是影响土壤氨氮解吸特征的重要因素,轻组有机组分、重组有机组分及重组有机组分中的稳结态加紧结态腐殖质（HⅡ＋HⅢ组）和紧结态腐殖质（HⅢ组）携载的吸附态氨氮进入水体后,对上覆水体的扩散通量可分别按其饱和吸附量的0.94、0.58、0.33和0.23倍估算。     

土壤环境中镉、锌形态转化的探讨

论述了土壤中镉、锌的形态分布,讨论了影响土壤环境中Cd、Zn形态转化的因素和物质,如pH、石灰、有机质和其它一些离子和它们的影响机制,为治理土壤重金属污染提供理论依据。     

强制对流换热器表面CaCO3附着垢方解石及文石晶体质量分数变化分析

利用工业循环冷却水动态模拟循环装置,对模拟换热器壁面CaCO3附着垢晶体进行了XRD衍射分析表明,CaCO3附着垢晶体主要由方解石和文石两相所组成。结合方解石和文石晶体物相含量的XRD定量分析,分析了随着循环水流速增大,两者的质量分数变化关系。研究表明,当水流速度从0.401 m·s-1升高至1.338 m·s-1时,CaCO3附着垢中方解石和文石的质量分数分别呈现降低和增加趋势,且附着垢中文石的质量分数明显比方解石的质量分数偏高。从CaCO3晶体的生长以及CaCO3晶粒所受的附着力与水流剪切应力角度分析了上述变化的原因。