利用蒸散比和气温模拟藏北高寒草甸的光能利用效率

光能利用效率(light use efficiency,LUE)是指初级生产力与植被冠层吸收的光合有效辐射(absorbed photosynthetically active radiation,APAR)之比,对LUE的准确定量化模拟是定量化模拟初级生产力的基础。研究利用一个基于通量观测的LUE模型(EC-LUE)模拟了2004-2005年藏北高寒草甸的LUE,该模型的参数只有蒸散比(Evaporative Fraction,EF)和气温(air temperature,T_a),EF和T_a分别为最大光能利用效率(maximum light use efficiency,LUE_max)的水分和温度胁迫因子,在研究中LUE_max取0.85 g C/MJ。EF和T_a对LUE_max的胁迫作用存在两种方式:连乘方式和最小限制因子方式,这两种方式模拟的光能利用效率分别记为LUE_multipEC和LUE_minEC,并与通量观测数据估算的LUE(LUE_EC)进行了比较。结果表明,LUE_minEC显著高估了LUE_EC,而LUE_EC和LUE_{multipEC差异不显著;LUEmultipEC和LUEminEC分别解释了89%以上LUEEC的季节变化;EF显著地解释了土壤表层含水量、 比湿,且在一定程度上解释了相对湿度的季节变化;相对于水分胁迫因子,温度胁迫因子更能够解释LUEEC的季节变化。因此,EC-LUE模型可以定量化高寒草甸LUE的季节变化,同时EF可以定量化高寒草甸生态系统水分状况的季节变化。}     

莲花山矿区土壤-农作物系统中重金属调控

以广东省莲花山钨矿区耕地为研究点,研究土壤金属含量分布、形态特征及其调控措施。分析耕地土壤中Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd、As含量特征,以碱石灰、MnO2、Fe2O3和钙镁磷肥作为改良剂,对矿区污染耕地土壤进行改良,并种植萝卜Raphanus sativus,分析各改良剂对土壤金属形态及其在土壤-农作物界面迁移的影响。研究表明,矿区耕地土壤酸化, Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd和As超过土壤背景值,其中Cd和As污染严重,分别超过背景值的10.2-16.7倍和1.1-1.3倍。碱石灰有效降低耕地土壤pH值,降低土壤Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd可溶态含量,减少其在萝卜中积累。萝卜对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni累积量与其可溶态含量相关性显著,与总量相关性不显著。Fe2O3、MnO2、钙镁磷肥对耕地土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Cd 生物有效性及其在农作物中累积量无显著影响。矿区耕地土壤分别添加碱石灰、Fe2O3、MnO2,土壤中砷松散结合态含量降低,农作物砷累积量减少。钙镁磷肥对土壤砷形态无显著影响,但能显著降低萝卜中砷的累积量。碱石灰分别与Fe2O3、MnO2、钙镁磷肥相结合改良耕地土壤,比单一改良剂更能有效降低萝卜中砷的累积量。萝卜中砷累积量与松散结合态存在显著正相关性,与Ca-As存在显著负相关性。碱石灰分别和Fe2O3、钙镁磷肥同时加入土壤,能同时地有效降低Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd、As的有效性,及其在农作物累积量,因此,这2种改良方式是莲花山矿区土壤金属固定的有效措施。     

土壤环境中镉、锌形态转化的探讨

论述了土壤中镉、锌的形态分布,讨论了影响土壤环境中Cd、Zn形态转化的因素和物质,如pH、石灰、有机质和其它一些离子和它们的影响机制,为治理土壤重金属污染提供理论依据。     

Phosphorus accumulation and eutrophication in feed-supply freshwater fishponds

The rapid growth and intensification of freshwater fishery can cause imbalances between phosphorus （P） input in feed and its output in produce. This aquaculture can result in enriching exogenous P in fishponds and, consequently, accelerates the process of eutrophication. To assess relations among input, accumulation, release of P and as a consequence degrading water quality in terms of chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） in freshwater fishponds, fourteen fishponds with feed supply, nine fishponds without feed supply, and five nonfish ponds in Shaoxing Plain, southeast China were selected for comparing P accumulation in their waters and surface sediments. Surface sediment samples were collected from each pond to evaluate their total P, water soluble P, Olsen P, algal available P, and P fractions. Water samples were also collected from the ponds to measure concentrations of dissolved P and Chl-a. Total P in the sediments ranged from 0.88 to 1.73 g/kg in the fishponds with feed supply, that in the non-fish ponds ranged from 0.47 to 0.86 g/kg. Organic P, accounted for 23% to 60% of total P in the sediments, was an important P fraction and increased linearly with increasing organic matter. Long-term application of feeds resulted in increased P availability in the bottom sediments and degradation of water quality in the freshwater fishponds. Compared with non-fish ponds, sediments from the feed-supplied fishponds contained considerably higher Olsen P, algal available P, and water soluble P. Higher proportions of the labile P （NH4Cl-P） and potentially labile P （NaOH-IP） were also found in the sediments from the fishponds. High solubility of P in the sediments resulted in elevation of P and chlorophyll-a concentration in the pond water. The dissolved P concentration in the pond water increased in the order of non-fish ponds （12μg/L） 〈 fishponds without feed supply （24 μg/L） 〈 fishponds with feed supply （66 μg/L）. Linear correlations between concentrations of total P, Olsen-P, algal available P, water-soluble P and P concentration in saturation extracts in the sediments and dissolved P in the pond water indicated that there was a buffering action of the sediment constituents on the dissolved P.     

Phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of floodplain sediments in the lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, China

The phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of seven floodplain sediment samples collected in the lower reaches of China’s Hanjiang River were studied. Most phosphorus fractions showed a marked downstream increase in response to point-source inputs from urban areas. Total phosphorus (TP) contents in the sediments ranged from 603.68 to 945.25 mg.kg⁻¹. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the major component of TP, and calcium-bound phosphorus (Ca–P) was the major fraction of IP. The distribution characteristics of the phosphorus contents were affected by sediment grain size and hydrodynamic conditions. The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacities (Q _max) and the half-saturation concentration (k) were obtained using an improved Langmuir model. Native adsorbed exchangeable phosphorus content (w _NAP) and the zero-equilibrium phosphorus concentration value (c _EPC0) were subsequently calculated. The effects of sediment grain size, temperature, and disturbance on the phosphorus adsorption isotherms were also studied. The results showed that phosphorus adsorption on floodplain sediments was primarily chemisorption; the particle concentration effect played a more important role at a disturbance intensity of 150 r.min⁻¹ (on a shaker table) than at 100 r.min⁻¹.     

沉水植物黑藻对沉积物有机、无机磷形态及潜在可交换性磷的影响

在室内模拟条件下研究了沉水植物黑藻对沉积物有机及无机磷形态及潜在可交换性磷的影响.结果表明:①黑藻可显著降低沉积物的有机质、阳离子代换量及总磷(p<0.05),对沉积物中的磷起到活化的作用.②黑藻对沉积物无机磷形态中的NaOH-P有极显著影响(p<0.01),对有机磷形态中的活性有机磷有一定影响(p<0.1),而对其他形态磷的影响没有达到显著水平.③有植物组沉积物的潜在可交换性磷的量增大了11.5%,而对照组沉积物的却减少了61.0%.两者变化的方向截然相反,而且变化的程度也存在较大差异.这说明黑藻的作用增大了沉积物中潜在可交换性磷的量.     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

石油污染地下水有机污染组分特征及其环境指示效应

通过采集我国北方某污染场地地下水样品,用GC-MS扫描分析石油烃成分及含量,研究油田开采情况下石油烃污染物在地下水中的分布变化及其对环境的指示作用.结果表明,地下水中总石油烃(TPH)均值为4.75mg/L;组分包括烷烃、芳香烃、酯类、醛类以及醇类等有机化合物,烷烃类含量最高,占总油百分含量平均值为65.6%;沿着地下水流向烷烃和芳香烃所占百分含量减少,分别从70.05%和14.56%下降至57.72%和10.58%,而非烃类逐渐富集,其百分含量从15.39%增加至31.72%.由样品色谱参数可知:场地Pr/Ph值在0.73~1.27之间,表明地下水处于缺氧的还原环境;Pr/C17值在0.42~1.51之间;Ph/C18值在0.61~1.30之间,指示出较强的微生物作用;细菌数与非烃类含量、Pr/C17以及Ph/C18之间呈现出正线性相关性,Pr/C17和Ph/C18值越大微生物作用越强.不同季节对石油烃浓度变化也有一定影响.     

Cr(VI) reduction capability of humic acid extracted from the organic component of municipal solid waste

The capacity of humic acid extracted from organic waste (HAw) to reduce Cr(Ⅵ) was tested at pH 2.5,4 and 6 and compared with coal-derived humic acid (HAc).HAw was more effective than HAc in reducing Cr(Ⅵ).The kinetics of Cr(Ⅵ) reductions depended strongly on pH.The calculation of the apparent rate coefficients indicated that HAw was more efficient at reducing Cr(Ⅵ) than HAc,but was also more efficient than HAs from soil and peat.The reduction capability of HAs depends on the type of functional groups (i.e.,thiols and phenols) present,rather than the free radicals.HAw was more efficient at reducing Cr(Ⅵ) than HAc because more reactive phenols were present,i.e.,methoxy-and methyl-phenols.     

2015年南京市城区挥发性有机物组成特征及大气反应活性

采用GC-FID自动在线监测系统对南京市2015年环境大气中56种VOCs开展了为期1a的连续观测.结果表明,南京市城区大气VOCs小时平均体积分数为（17.49±11.35）×10^-9,其中4月最高（22.21×10^-9）,7月最低（12.39×10^-9）,日均体积分数变化特征不明显.烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和乙炔占比分别为56.51%、11.06%、24.62%和7.81%,丙烷（15.26%）、乙烷（14.14%）、乙炔（7.81%）、甲苯（6.97%）、正丁烷（6.23%）、乙烯（5.23%）、异丁烷（4.34%）、丙烯（4.13%）、异戊烷（4.12%）和间/对-二甲苯（4.06%）是含量最丰富的VOCs物种.T/B（甲苯/苯）均值为2.02,表明南京市城区大气VOCs主要受机动车尤其是汽油车排放的影响.E/E（乙烷/乙炔）均值为2.24,表明观测站点区域大气老化程度较严重.利用·OH消耗速率（L^·OH）和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）评估了大气VOCs的反应活性.南京市城区大气VOCs冬春季大气反应活性较夏秋季强.芳香烃和烯烃的活性最高,对L^·OH和OFP的贡献依次为46.96%和41.58%、33.73%和39.86%,丙烯、乙烯和二甲苯等苯系物是活性最高的VOCs物种.