T型氧化沟工艺处理低碳源生活污水的效果研究

详细介绍了T型氧化沟工艺的特征,并考察研究了该工艺处理低碳源生活污水的长期运行效果。研究结果表明,工艺出水COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和TP年平均浓度分别为13.9、3.8、0.91、18.80和1.67 mg/L,去除率分别为88.99%、94.37%、96.74%、37.57%和41.58%,均能达到相应的排放标准。由于T型氧化沟中以好氧环境为主,缺乏厌氧和缺氧环境以及进水的BOD5/TN值低,工艺对有机物及NH3-N的去除效果较好,但TN和TP去除效果较低。提出了加强工艺脱氮除磷的措施,为同类型污水处理厂改造提供参考。     

温室气体的“源”与“汇”及其防治对策

从"源"与"汇"理论入手,分析大气中四种主要温室气体CO2、CH4、N2O和CFCs的"源"与"汇",并提出相应防治对策。     

Soil fertility dynamics in runoff-capture agriculture, Canary Islands, Spain

In the extremely arid (∼150 mm yr⁻¹) eastern Canary Islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and La Graciosa, agriculture has been sustained for decades by a traditional runoff-capture (RC) farming system known as “gavias”. Although the main goal of these systems is to increase water supply for crops, making unnecessary conventional irrigation, a secondary and equally important factor is that this system allows for sustainable agricultural production without addition of chemical or organic fertilizers. A field study was conducted to assess the impact of long-term agriculture (>50 yr) on soil fertility and to evaluate key factors affecting the nutrient sustainability of RC agricultural production. Soil fertility and nutrient dynamics were studied through chemical characterization of the arable layer (0-25 cm) of RC agricultural plots, adjacent natural soils (control) not affected by runoff and cultivation, and sediments contributed by a series of RC events. Results showed that RC soils have enhanced fertility status, particularly because they are less affected by salinity and sodicity (mean electrical conductivity = 1.8 dS m⁻¹ vs. 51.0 dS m⁻¹ in control soils; mean exchangeable sodium percentage = 11.1% vs. 30.6% in control soils), and have higher water and nutrient holding capacities (mean clay plus silt contents ≈87% vs. 69% in control soils). In general, sediments transported with the runoff and deposited in RC plots (average sediment yield ≈ 46 ton ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), contain sufficient nutrients to prevent a progressive reduction of essential plant nutrients below natural levels in spite of nutrient uptake and removal by the harvested crop. Average additions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with the runoff sediments were 33.6, 35.3 and 48.8 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. Results of this study show how a crop production system can be sustained in the long term by natural hydrological and biogeochemical catchment processes. This system maintains a nutrient balance that is not based on energy-intensive inputs of fertilizers, but is integrated in natural nutrient cycling processes, unlike other tropical farming agroecosystems.     

江苏句容水库农业流域水塘和河流N_2O排放速率的研究

在句容水库农业流域的水塘和河流中,用密闭箱法于2007年8、11月和2008年2、5月采集水体表面排放的N2O气样,研究水塘和河流N2O排放速率的季节变化及其影响因素.结果显示,水塘N2O的排放速率范围在-0.42～16.76μg.m-.2h-1之间,河流N2O排放速率在0.29～8.41μg.m-.2h-1之间.由于...     

应用分子生物学与同位素示踪技术研究厌氧氨氧化菌活性及功效

厌氧氨氧化是一个新发现的氮循环途径,与反硝化作用都产生氮气,但准确衡量厌氧氨氧化活性及功效的相关方法还是个难题.本研究联合应用分子生物学与同位索示踪技术,以北京某污水处理厂的活性污泥为实验样品,研究其中厌氧氨氧化菌的存在、活性和功效.厌氧氨氧化菌的分子生物学分析是通过16S rRNA进行,选择两步引物分别为pla46-...     

猪粪秸秆高温堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征与堆肥周期探讨

将猪粪与秸秆以7：1（质量比,以鲜重计）的比例,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行高温堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征及其腐熟时间.同时,在堆制的23d中,根据堆温变化采样6次,分析了堆肥样品中各种氮素和碳素含量及其它性质的变化情况.结果表明：堆肥结束时,硝态氮含量增加了103.0%,铵态氮、有机氮、总氮含量分...     

Ash deposition impact on the energy performance of photovoltaic generators

A little known side effect of the atmospheric air pollution is the degradation of photovoltaic (PV) cells’ performance due to the deposition of solid particles varying in composition, size and origin. In this context, an experimental-based investigation is conducted in order to compare the energy performance of two identical pairs of PV-panels; the first being clean and the second being artificially polluted with ash, i.e. a by-product of incomplete hydrocarbons’ combustion mainly originating from thermal power stations and vehicular exhausts. A series of systematic measurements of current intensity, voltage output and solar radiation are executed simultaneously for the clean and the polluted PV-panel, so that the effect of several mass depositions on the PVs’ power output, energy yield and conversion efficiency may be determined. According to the results, a considerable deterioration of the PV-panels’ performance is obtained, i.e. almost 30% energy reduction per hour or 1.5% efficiency decrease (in absolute terms) for ash accumulation on the panels’ surface reaching up to 0.4 mg/cm².     

碳氮比对废水好氧脱氮中含氮气态产物的影响

针对目前人们对好氧脱氮中气态产物认识不清的问题,采用SBR反应器,以人工配制的NO3--N废水为处理对象,对影响好氧脱氮的COD/N进行了深入研究,测定了三种主要含氮气态产物(NO、NO2、N2O),揭示了好氧状态下生物脱氮的途径和机理。通过对COD/N分别为9、12、15、18的系统氮元素的全程跟踪测定,得到系统内各含氮化合物的变化规律。结果表明,三种气体的产生同COD/N有着密切的关系,低C/N会导致NO、NO2和N2O的积累,最多达总脱氮量的9%。研究结果还表明当进水COD/N为15时,既保证了良好的脱氮效果且抑制了NO、NO2、N2O三种有害气体的大量产生。     

供碳源载体及其在低碳氮比污水处理中的应用研究

为解决低C/N污水的脱氮问题,本实验自行研制开发了一种新型碳聚合物载体.对该载体进行低C/N污水的生物膜脱氮研究,考察了HRT、pH、DO、温度等因素对系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响.结果表明:在C/N比为4、pH=8、DO=1 mg/L、HRT=6 h,T=24℃的条件下,氨氮及总氮的去除率分别可以达到90%和70...     

聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积行为的影响

针对给水管网中残余铝沉积和再溶解现象可能引起的水质问题,研究了聚硅酸对不同水解聚合形态铝沉积、再溶解的影响,并以石英微晶天平为表征手段,初步探讨了聚硅酸对不同形态铝沉积、再溶解过程影响的机理.结果表明,聚硅酸能显著改变不同水解聚合形态铝的沉积、再溶解行为.聚硅酸可与3种水解聚合形态的铝迅速结合而生成可沉积产物,但产物性质不同.以单体形态为主的Al_0与聚硅酸的反应产物性质较稳定,部分以溶解态存在,部分以非溶解态(可沉积态)存在;尽管铝的两种聚合形态Al_(13)和Al_(30)与聚硅酸反应也生成了部分可沉积产物,但随着时间的推移,这些产物又逐渐向溶解态转化.铝硅比对Al_0体系中铝的沉积溶解行为影响较小,而对Al_(13)和Al_(30)影响较大,且在0.2∶20(以Al和SiO_2计的质量比)时,沉积态铝的溶解速率最快.