喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中径流产污特征

降雨径流产生的非点源污染是地下水污染的重要来源,喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙养分流失是造成该地区地下水污染的关键因素.通过模拟喀斯特坡耕地地下孔(裂)隙特征,采用人工模拟降雨和室内分析相结合的方法,研究浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中降雨径流产污特征.结果表明:喀斯特坡耕地地下径流产污是一个极其复杂的过程,微度(1%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地径流全氮、全磷和全钾流失量随雨强变化不明显,全氮和全磷流失量均在70 mm·h-1雨强达到最大值;轻度(3%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷流失量在雨强50 mm·h-1时达到最大值;中度(5%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷、全钾流失量则在雨强为90 mm·h-1时达到最大值;各孔(裂)隙发育条件下的全氮、全磷、全钾养分流失量对坡度的响应不明显,轻度发育下的全氮和全磷流失量最大,在中度发育条件下,坡耕地土壤中全钾流失总量最大;不同雨强、坡度条件下的地下径流全氮、全磷和全钾次产污模数随地下孔(裂)隙度变化亦不明显,其中全氮次产污模数在4.38~58.72 mg·h-1·m-2,全磷在0.16~3.15 mg·h-1·m-2,全钾在0.16~3.03 mg·h-1·m-2范围变化.     

基于博弈论的地铁车站恐怖袭击风险定量研究

近年来发生的几起地铁重大恐怖袭击事件引起了各国政府、媒体和公众的广泛关注.地铁车站恐怖袭击可以看作博弈双方即袭击者和防御者之间的零和博弈.本文以某地铁线路上的22个车站为例,应用目标损失概率模型定量分析了恐怖袭击风险,通过防御资源变化得到了不同的目标损失概率.研究结果可以为地铁车站防御资源优化配置、防恐反恐预案编制等提供量化依据.     

溶氧对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

好氧颗粒污泥外表和内在的不同溶氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)水平分别适合硝化和反硝化微生物的生长,形成具有同步硝化反硝化功能的脱氮体系.DO水平对颗粒污泥内部厌氧好氧区域的构成有影响,改变DO可以研究氧对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化过程的影响.结果显示,反应系统在一定DO参与下对有机物的去除效率较高,各种条件下均能达到90%左右;高DO(≥3.0 mg/L)提高硝化速率,但易造成反应过程中NO2-和NO3-的积累;低DO(≤2.0mg/L)下反应积累的硝化产物少;在颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化反应过程中适当控制供氧,可减少运行过程中N2O的排放.实验条件下,控制DO在1～2 mg/L为佳;在低DO情况下,NO2-通过短程反硝化反应直接还原为气态的N2O和N2;高DO情况下,大部分NO2-以全程反硝化方式还原为气态氮.好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的硝化反硝化能力,而DO对硝化反硝化过程有很大的影响,且低DO更有利于氮的去除和N2O排放量的降低.     

Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emission from Hungarian forest soils; linked with atmospheric N-deposition

Studies of forest nitrogen (N) budgets generally measure inputs from the atmosphere in wet and dry deposition and outputs via hydrologic export. Although denitrification has been shown to be important in many wetland ecosystems, emission of N oxides from forest soils is an important, and often overlooked, component of an ecosystem N budget. During 1 year (2002–03), emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were measured from Sessile oak and Norway spruce forest soils in northeast Hungary. Accumulation in small static chambers followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was used for the estimation of N₂O emission flux. Because there are rapid chemical reactions of NO and ozone, small dynamic chambers were used for in situ NO flux measurements. Average soil emissions of NO were 1.2 and 2.1 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, and for N₂O were 15 and 20 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, for spruce and oak soils, respectively. Due to the relatively high soil water content, and low C/N ratio in soil, denitrification processes dominate, resulting in an order of magnitude greater N₂O emission rate compared to NO. The previously determined N balance between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem was re-calculated using these soil emission figures. The total (dry+wet) atmospheric N-deposition to the soil was 1.42 and 1.59 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ for spruce and oak, respectively, while the soil emissions are 0.14 and 0.20 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹. Thus, about 10–13% of N compounds deposited to the soil, mostly as and , were transformed in the soil and emitted back to the atmosphere, mostly as greenhouse gas (N₂O).     

Historical alteration in the nitrogen concentration and N natural abundance of mosses in Germany: Indication for regionally varying changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the last 140 years

Historical alterations of nitrogen deposition in the western part of Germany were investigated by comparing nitrogen concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance of historical and recent samples of the two pleurocarpous mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Scleropodium purum. Pooling of the data revealed only slight tissue N increases over the past 140 years which were significant nevertheless. At closer examination on the single site level historical increases of N concentrations were found particularly for some sites in regions where agricultural activities were considerably intensified during the second half of the 20th century. The comparison of δ¹⁵N values showed a strong depletion of ¹⁵N natural abundance in areas currently heavily influenced by livestock management. This indicates an increased impact of NH_y compounds. However, the almost unchanged δ¹⁵N values in some low mountain range areas with only moderate intensification of agriculture point to a more or less constant ratio of NH_y/NO_x input over time. Significant correlations of both tissue N concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance between the two species justify the assumption that they use the same nitrogen source, probably atmospheric deposition.     

鄱阳湖沙山植物叶片与土壤C∶N、C∶P沿沙化梯度分布特征

在鄱阳湖多宝沙山沿沙化梯度测定了17种常见植物叶片及土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量,以阐明沙山常见植物种与土壤C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P分布特征及对沙化的响应,为沙山植被恢复提供基础数据。结果表明：（1）植物叶片C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P分布范围为185～1273、1698～5071,平均值分别为431、3418;土壤0～10、10～30、30～50 cm层C〖DK〗∶N变化范围分别为98～463、24～465和37～450; 相应土层C〖DK〗∶P范围分别为198～759、30～905和47～765。（2）植物C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P对沙化的响应模式一致,均表现出在重度沙化区数值最小;土壤C〖DK〗∶N随沙化程度增加表现出降低趋势,而C〖DK〗∶P则表现出增加趋势,二者对沙化的响应不一致。（3）植物C〖DK〗∶N、C〖DK〗∶P变化主要取决于叶片的N、P含量;土壤C〖DK〗∶N的变化受控于土壤N含量;C〖DK〗∶P变化则决定于土壤有机C含量     

吸附相反应技术制备微弱光响应的多组分掺杂TiO2催化剂

利用弱光(紫外和可见)激发Ti O2光降解污染物是拓展多相光催化实际应用的关键之一.以吸附相反应技术为基础,利用N掺杂以及共掺杂两种方式制备多组分Ti O2光催化剂,并研究其在弱光下光降解甲基橙的过程.结合紫外可见漫反射光谱、X射线衍射、X射线电子能谱以及光致发光光谱等表征手段,探索焙烧温度、N掺杂量以及共掺杂对催化剂光吸收和可见光响应拓展的影响,进而研究弱光下催化剂活性的变化规律.结果发现,N掺杂可以显著增强催化剂的光吸收,从而显著提升其在弱紫外光下光降解甲基橙催化活性,所有N掺杂催化剂的活性均优于商用P25光催化剂.N掺杂对催化剂的可见光响应拓展作用不大,因而单一N掺杂后大部分催化剂在弱可见光下没有活性,仅5%N掺杂催化剂在900℃热处理后有微弱活性.N和Fe2O3二元耦合形成的共掺杂催化剂中,两者之间的协同作用既增强了复合光催化剂的光吸收,也显著拓展了催化剂的可见光响应,因而得到了在弱可见光下具有良好活性的复合光催化剂.     

东北春大豆品种东生1号对臭氧胁迫的响应

采用开顶式气室(OTCs)方法,研究了不同臭氧(O3)浓度处理对春大豆品种"东生1号"的影响,主要包括产量与产量构成因子,叶片与籽粒碳、氮元素与碳氮比、盛花期叶片气体交换速率、叶绿素荧光参数与光合色素含量变化.试验设置3个臭氧水平:过滤大气(CFA,10 nL·L-1)、自然大气(NFA)与自然大气添加40 nL·L-1(NFA+O3).结果表明,经过一个生长季处理(AOT40值累积为10.6μL·L-1·h),与CFA相比,NFA处理东生1号大豆单株产量与百粒重降低4.5%、4%,而NFA+O3处理分别显著降低34%、18%(P<0.05),而处理间株高、主茎节数、单株荚数与每荚粒数均无显著变化.鼓粒期NFA+O3处理叶片C、N元素含量分别显著增加3%、26%,碳氮比则显著降低18%.CFA与NFA相比,NFA+O3显著降低盛花期大豆叶片净光合速率(Asat)、气孔导度(gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)、开放的光系统反应中心激发能捕获效率(F’v/F’m)和作用光下光系统Ⅱ的实际量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),而胞间CO2浓度(ci)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光合色素含量则无显著变化.结果表明,O3浓度升高导致东生1号单株产量下降的主要原因是其显著降低百粒重、净光合速率和电子传递效率.     

不同开垦年限黑土温室气体排放规律研究

以东北黑土区荒地土壤(H)、开垦2 a(L)、30 a(S)和100 a(Y)土壤为对象,在25℃和60%WHC水分条件下,通过7 d的室内培养试验,研究了不同开垦年限黑土温室气体N2O、CO2和CH4的排放规律.结果表明,黑土开垦后理化性质发生了显著改变,进而影响了温室气体的排放.N2O排放量随开垦年限的增加而增加,开垦30 a和100 a土壤的N2O排放量显著高于荒地土壤.净硝化量和N2O排放量与土壤水溶性有机氮和粉粒含量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH和砂粒含量呈显著负相关关系.CO2排放量随开垦年限的增加而逐渐降低,开垦30 a和100 a土壤与荒地土壤差异显著.土壤有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量与CO2累积排放量呈显著正相关关系.好氧条件下,荒地土壤和开垦土壤在培养前4 d表现为对CH4的微量排放,然后表现为对CH4的微量吸收,开垦土壤的CH4排放量随开垦年限的增加而增加.不同开垦年限黑土可能因土壤pH、有机碳、水溶性有机碳含量以及土壤机械组成的差异而产生CO2和CH4排放的差异.