漓江段地表水体旱季硝酸盐动态变化特征及其来源

2016年9月28日至12月28日期间对漓江段13个断面地表水进行取样,取样频率为半月1次,分析硝酸盐在旱季期间漓江段的时空变化特征,并利用¹⁵ N和¹⁸ O同位素技术分析漓江段硝酸盐的来源.结果表明：①漓江水体中硝酸盐浓度范围为0.46~18.48 mg·L^-1,平均值为6.18 mg·L^-1,对比中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）中规定的硝酸盐浓度（10 mg·L^-1）,旱季漓江水体中硝酸盐污染程度处于较低水平.②9~12月期间漓江各断面处硝酸盐浓度呈现缓慢递增趋势,主要受旱季降雨量、径流量及人类活动强度而变化;硝酸盐浓度自漓江上游至下游表现出"增-减-增"的变化趋势,主要是污染物逐段汇入且汇入量不断增加的结果.③旱季漓江水体中硝酸盐的主要来源为土壤有机氮、人畜粪便和污水排放的混合源,主要来源于居民生活污水、人畜粪便等.④为了更好地保护漓江水质,建议加大城市排污管网的建设、修建小型污水处理设施、提高污水处理率及污水排放标准,加强旅游环境管理和环境保护宣传,提高游客环境保护意识.     

Fe3+对同步硝化反硝化过程氮元素迁移转化及N2O释放的影响

采用SBR反应器,研究了不同浓度的Fe3+对同步硝化反硝化(simultaneous nitrification denitrification,SND)过程中氮元素迁移转化去除和N2O释放的影响.结果表明,在同步硝化反硝化过程中,系统中Fe3+浓度为20 mg·L-1时可以提高系统对氮的去除率,而60 mg·L-1的Fe3+则会对其产生抑制效果.并且,高浓度的Fe3+会刺激SND过程中N2O的释放,N2O转化率也有所提高.这主要是因为:1高浓度的Fe3+会导致污泥脱氢酶活性降低,使得NO-2在好氧阶段大量累积;2高浓度的Fe3+减少了SND过程前置厌氧阶段胞内聚合物(polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB)的含量,使得后续反硝化过程碳源减少.Fe3+对SND过程中总磷的去除有促进作用,并且Fe3+浓度越高,总磷去除率越高,这主要是因为Fe3+的存在使系统中发生了化学除磷作用.     

氨氮在饮用水生物滤池内的去除机制

为探讨饮用水生物滤池对NH4+-N的去除机制,测定生物滤池进出水中NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、单质氮(N2)、温度和溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)等指标,并采集生物滤池不同层高(0、10、20、40、60 cm)活性炭生物填料,应用分子生物学技术,对样品中的细菌种群进行研究.结果表明,根据进水NH4+-N浓度分为3个阶段,第一、二和三阶段都发生了"氮亏损"现象(出水无机氮之和小于进水无机氮之和),氮亏损的量(出水无机氮之和与进水无机氮之和的差值)分别为0.94、0.32和0.15 mg.L-1.氮亏损的量与进水中NH4+-N浓度有很好的正相关性,但与进水中高锰酸盐指数浓度没有线性关系.第一阶段水中N2的平均浓度随着生物滤池填料层高呈上升趋势,进水中N2平均浓度是14.04 mg.L-1,出水N2平均浓度为14.67 mg.L-1.测序结果显示活性炭上生物膜中氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)全部归为3个常见属:Nitrosococcus、Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira.当生物滤池进水NH4+-N浓度较高时,生物滤池中发生的"氮亏损"现象是由AOB的作用.     

Biodegradation of N,N-dimethylacetamide by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 isolated from the rhizosphere of pagoda tree

The biodegradation characteristic and potential metabolic pathway for removal of environmental N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was studied. Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a pagoda tree and proved capable of utilizing DMAC as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Batch culture studies showed that strain B83 could tolerate up to 25 g/L DMAC and showed distinct growth on possible catabolic intermediates except for acetate. The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 71% of the initial nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen. DMAC degradation has led to accumulation of acetate and organic nitrogen, meanwhile traces of nitrate and ammonia was build-up but without nitrite. The growth of strain B83 could be inhibited by adding exogenous acetate. By means of the assay of enzymatic degradation of DMAC, several catabolic intermediates at different intervals were observed and identified. Based on the results obtained from culture solution and enzymatic degradation assay, a detailed pathway is proposed for DMAC biodegradation.     

绿潮硬毛藻分解对天鹅湖水体氮磷水平的影响

为了解绿潮硬毛藻衰亡分解对上覆水体营养水平的影响,以荣成天鹅湖不同湖区的沉积物和暴发的硬毛藻为试材,通过室内模拟研究了藻类分解过程中水体氮磷水平及理化性质的变化,并评价了不同湖区沉积物中氮磷的释放潜力.结果表明:硬毛藻衰亡分解使上覆水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)均明显上升,并且前期(0~16 d)上升较快,ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)最高分别可达12.40和7.98 mg/L;水体中ρ(TP)和ρ(SRP)表现为前期变化不大,19 d后大幅增加,含量变幅分别为0.02~1.14和0.01~0.40 mg/L.在试验中后期(约16 d后),不同湖区沉积物处理的水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(SRP)均表现为有沉积物含藻处理>无沉积物含藻处理>有沉积物无藻处理.在藻分解的条件下,不同湖区沉积物的氮磷释放能力存在很大差异,氮释放量的顺序为湖中心>西北部>南部,而磷表现为西北部>湖中心>南部.在硬毛藻绿潮的衰亡阶段,由于初期藻体营养盐的直接释放和后期促进沉积物内源释放的间接影响,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)均明显增加,进而加重了天鹅湖水体的富营养化水平.      

30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的为30CrMnSiA高强钢的大气腐蚀防护设计、应用范围扩展和开发新钢种提供有益的借鉴和参考。方法采用腐蚀质量损失、XRD和SEM研究了30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境暴露60个月的大气腐蚀行为。结果 30CrMnSiA高强钢在工业和海洋大气环境中腐蚀质量损失随暴露时间变化的双对数函数分别是lgΔw=2.245+0.387lg t和lgΔw=2.822+0.637lg t。纤铁矿和针铁矿是两种大气环境中形成的腐蚀锈层的主要成分,除了纤铁矿和针铁矿外,在海洋大气环境形成的锈层中还发现了四方纤铁矿。随着暴露时间的延长,在海洋大气环境中形成的锈层呈现逐渐剥落的趋势。结论 30CrMnSiA高强钢在海洋大气环境中表现出较高的腐蚀敏感性,在工业大气环境中表现出较低的腐蚀敏感性。     

秸秆还田对外源氮在土壤中转化及其微生物响应的影响

秸秆还田是农业生产上提高土壤肥力的重要措施,而秸秆中较高的碳氮比,使秸秆碳的利用率较低,温室气体排放较高,因此配施无机氮磷肥能够调控土壤中元素计量比,增加微生物活性和元素利用率,促进土壤肥力提升.本研究选择在模拟秸秆还田条件下,添加¹⁵ N标记的无机氮肥,研究不同养分肥料添加对土壤中外源氮转化与分配的影响,以及微生物响应特征.结果表明,秸秆添加增加了土壤和土壤溶液中铵态氮和总氮含量;秸秆与无机氮肥配施条件下,土壤中¹⁵ N-TN在100 d培养时期内基本保持在28~33 μg,¹⁵ N-NH₄⁺在前30 d培养时期内逐渐增加,而后逐渐降低;施P增加了土壤中¹⁵ N-TN和¹⁵ N-NH₄⁺的含量,却使土壤溶液中¹⁵ N量降低了28%.无机氮肥在土壤中的分配表明,¹⁵ N在土壤中的比例基本保持在52%~61%,磷肥的添加使¹⁵ N在土壤中的分配比例最大提高了16.5%,而土壤溶液中¹⁵ N的比例由第5 d的36%降低至100 d时30%,使外源¹⁵ N损失量减少了1.2倍.秸秆添加促进了微生物活性,显著提高了土壤MBN的量;而无机肥料的添加进一步促进了土壤微生物的活性,100 d培养实验后,秸秆与无机氮、磷肥同时添加使MBN增加到对照处理的2.0和2.2倍.磷肥添加促进了微生物对¹⁵ N的利用,使¹⁵ N-微生物生物量氮（¹⁵ N-MBN）的量比添加秸秆和氮肥处理的提高了1.5倍.对土壤氮转化酶活性（β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶,NAG）的研究结果表明,氮肥降低了土壤酶活性和底物亲和性,而氮磷肥同时添加时,酶活性较单加秸秆处理提高了48.1%.本研究可为深入了解稻田土壤生态系统氮循环、实现农田土壤肥力提升和温室气体减排提供理论依据.     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

CAST工艺处理低温低碳氮比市政污水中试研究

我国北方某县城采用CAST工艺处理市政污水,由于工业废水、洗浴及供暖的地热水直接排放到市政管网,导致污水厂实际进水C/N在1.4左右,且水质波动较大,改造前污水厂CAST工艺中污泥浓度过低,出水碳氮磷等指标均不达标。中试研究将原来的CAST池进行了改造,改造后的CAST工艺通过优化填料加入量及位置、控制污泥龄、增加负荷等策略,在不添加化学药剂的情况下,可高效处理低温、低C/N比市政污水,且抗冲击负荷能力强,出水COD及氮、磷等指标可稳定优于一级A标准。     

Passive aeration composting of chicken litter: Effects of aeration pipe orientation and perforation size on losses of compost elements

A passive aeration composting study was undertaken to investigate the effects of aeration pipe orientation (PO) and perforation size (PS) on some physico-chemical properties of chicken litter (chicken manure + sawdust) during composting. The experimental set up was a two-factor completely randomised block design with two pipe orientations: horizontal (Ho) and vertical (Ve), and three perforation sizes: 15, 25 and 35 mm diameter. The properties monitored during composting were pile temperature, moisture content (MC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (C_T), total nitrogen (N_T) and total phosphorus (P_T). Moisture level in the piles was periodically replenished to 60% for efficient microbial activities. The results of the study showed that optimum composting conditions (thermophilic temperatures and sanitation requirements) were attained in all the piles. During composting, both PO and PS significantly affected pile temperature, moisture level, pH, C_T loss and P_T gain. EC was only affected by PO while N_T was affected by PS. Neither PO nor PS had a significant effect on the C:N ratio. A vertical pipe was effective for uniform air distribution, hence, uniform composting rate within the composting pile. The final values showed that PO of Ve and PS of 35 mm diameter resulted in the least loss in N_T. The PO of Ho was as effective as Ve in the conservation of C_T and P_T. Similarly, the three PSs were equally effective in the conservation of C_T and P_T. In conclusion, the combined effects of PO and PS showed that treatments Ve35 and Ve15 were the most effective in minimizing N_T loss.