重庆市酸沉降污染经济损失估算

重庆市酸沉降降污染严重,为确定其造成的经济损失,经经济社会发展决策提供依据和拟订,选择满意的防治姑人群健康和农林污染危害调查,材料挂片耐蚀试验,模拟酸沉降实验等基础上,用人力资本法,市场价值法和投入产出损益比较法进行估算。     

三峡库区消落带受淹土壤氮和磷释放的模拟实验

三峡库区消落带形成后,消落带土壤淹水初期将向上覆水释放氮和磷. 将消落带土壤样品进行加肥处理后与原始土壤进行模拟淹水实验.对原始土壤进行每日换水浸泡实验.结果表明:消落带进入淹水期10～15 d后,其上覆水中营养物含量趋于平衡,水体扰动对上覆水中ρ(TP)和ρ(TN)有正影响. 未经施肥处理的消落带土壤在江水浸泡下,对TP有吸附作用,使得浸泡结束后ρ(TP)下降33.4%. TN的溶出速率变化能较好地符合一级动力学方程,TP江水静态浸泡实验数据对一级动力学方程的拟合性较差;TP和TN的绝对溶出速率对一级动力学方程的相关性均较好.       

贵州坡耕地水土保持措施效益研究

对旱坡地水土保持的截流沟措施、横坡种植措施和植物篱措施进行效益研究,结果表明:在裸露耕地上,水土流失十分严重,地表径流达到4 044.4m³/hm²·a、土壤流失高达172.4t/hm²·a,以此速率流失土壤,其耕层(15cm)约在12年后,将被冲刷殆尽。截流沟措施与横坡种植措施相比,可减少地表径流702.6m³ /hm²·a和土壤流失19.2t/hm²·a;但其占地面积大,农作物产量低,收益小。植物篱种植措施与横坡种植相比可减少地表径流345.3m³/hm²·a;土壤流失21.0t/hm²·a。虽然植物篱占据耕地面积,但并不影响农作物产量。植物篱种植下的耕层土壤的酸碱度和质地得到改善,土壤养分含量有所提高,土壤侵蚀速率远低于易风化土壤的成土速率,同时结合人工翻耕,每年平均以17.5cm的速度形成梯坎,以1.1°的速度减缓坡度。该项措施最终可实现坡改梯的目的,实现旱坡地的可持续利用。     

Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor

The effects of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen(COD/N)ratio and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO)on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification(SND)were investigated using an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor(AIC-MBR)with synthetic wastewater.The results showed that the COD efficiencies were consistently greater than 90% regardless of changes in the COD/N ratio.At the COD/N ratio of 4.77 and 10.04,the system nitrogen removal efficiency became higher than 70%.However,the nitrogen rem...     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.     

小流域土壤矿质氮与地形因子的关系及其空间变异性研究

为掌握小流域土壤特性与地形因子的关系及其空间变异规律,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带小流域土壤矿质氮与地形因子的关系及其空间变异性进行了系统研究,结果表明:①硝态氮的变异程度为强变异性,铵态氮、坡度、坡向则为中等变异性,土壤类型、土地利用对矿质氮的变异程度有极显著影响;②各研究特性在采样尺度内表现出不同程度的空间依赖性,铵态氮、海拔为强烈的空间依赖性,而硝态氮、坡度及坡向则为中等的空间依赖性;③分维数与空问异质比所揭示的结果具有一致性,各变量的分维数从大到小依次为:硝态氮(1.982 6)＞坡向(1.976 7)＞坡度(1.9420)＞铵态氮(1.879 1)＞海拔(1.746 1);④硝态氮在0°与90°,45°与135°方向上具有各向同性结构,而海拔为各向异性结构,其余的研究特性则表现出微弱的各向异性;⑤海拔、铵态氮具有很强的空间自相关性,硝态氮则为空间不相关;硝态氮与铵态氮、坡度与坡向之间具有极显著的正相关性,而铵态氮与海拔、坡度与海拔之间则为显著的负相关,表明在水蚀风蚀交错带铵态氮和坡度的空间分布具有海拔梯度性.     

大型自然通风冷却塔环境影响的预测分析研究

大多数内陆核电厂将采用大型自然通风冷却塔作为其二次循环冷却方式,本文基于美国核管会推荐的SACTI程序,给出了该模型的基本原理和框架结构,并以江西彭泽核电厂为例,采用该程序预测分析了该核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔所造成的雾羽和太阳辐射损失的影响。并进一步研究了不同环境风速、相对湿度条件下对冷却塔造成的太阳辐射损失的影响。SACTI模型可以根据厂址逐时气象观测数据,较好地计算可见雾羽的长度、抬升高度和太阳辐射损失,其结果可以作为冷却塔环境影响评价的依据。     

阻抗管法隔声量测试试样密封方法探究

阻抗管法法向入射隔声量测试过程中,试样与阻抗管间的密封方式是测量结果的一个重要的影响因素。介绍了阻抗管测量法向入射隔声量的方法,重点介绍在阻抗管中的试样安装和密封方法,通过实施4种不同的密封方法,得出密封效果的排序,对阻抗法测量隔声量的试验实施具有参考价值。     

苏北地区农业非点源氮磷污染对水体的影响研究

通过对连云港市农业非点源氮磷污染对水环境影响的研究,掌握了连云港市农业非点源氮磷污染情况及氮磷在土壤中的转化机制,监测分析了水环境氮磷污染现状及氮磷对水环境的影响途径,提出了控制农业非点源氮磷对水体环境污染的措施。