Experimental and theoretical research on the inhibition performance of ethanol gasoline/air explosion by C6F12O

The safety issue of ethanol gasoline and the methods to control or weaken its explosion have attracted attention. To clarify the effect of C₆F₁₂O (perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone)) on the explosion of ethanol gasoline-air mixtures and intrinsic mechanism, the explosion overpressure and flame propagation behavior under different equivalence ratios (φ = 0.6–0.8) and C₆F₁₂O concentrations (χ_inh = 0–4.0%) were experimentally obtained. The detailed inhibitor reaction process was also obtained by CHEMKIN based on a new assembly kinetic mechanism. The results show that the effects of C₆F₁₂O on the explosion characteristics of ethanol gasoline varied with χ_inh and φ. For rich flames, C₆F₁₂O is more effective than and heptafluoropropane (C₃HF₇) and nitrogen (N₂) in suppressing explosions; for lean and equivalence ratio flames, the addition of C₆F₁₂O may result in more severe explosions. The decrease in chemical reactivity is mainly because the mole fractions of OH and H radicals and the proportion of paths H radicals involved decrease after adding C₆F₁₂O, and R1500: CF₃COF + H = CF₃CO + HF, R965: CF₂:O + H = CF:O + HF, R863: CF₃ + H = CF₂ + HF are main suppressing reactions.     

苏北潮滩温室气体排放的时空变化及影响因素

滨海湿地温室气体CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放在全球碳氮循环中发挥着重要的作用,进一步影响着全球气候变化.为研究滨海湿地CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放的时空变化及影响因素,以苏北潮滩为例,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,于2013年4月至2014年3月,测定了不同时空尺度下CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的变化规律,并分析了影响温室气体通量变化的环境因素.结果表明,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的季节变化的最大值出现在夏季,CO_2和N_2O通量的最小值出现在冬季,而CH_4在春季表现为弱吸收;互花米草滩年均排放CO_2量最大,为(766.3±496.9)mg·(m2·h)~(-1),芦苇滩年均排放CH_4和N_2O最大,分别是(0.420±0.900)mg·(m2·h)~(-1)和(17.4±5.0)μg·(m2·h)~(-1).光滩表现为对CH_4的吸收,为(-0.004±0.032)mg·(m2·h)~(-1),对CO_2和N_2O的排放,且排放通量最小,分别是(57.1±16.2)mg·(m2·h)~(-1)和(6.1±2.1)μg·(m2·h)~(-1).全球变暖潜能的最大值出现在互花米草滩,为68 841.280 kg·(hm2·a)~(-1),分别是芦苇滩和碱蓬滩的1.41倍和3.02倍,光滩的GWP最小,为5 002.100 kg·(hm2·a)~(-1).通过Pearson相关分析发现,除光滩外,CO_2通量与气温、土温呈显著的相关性(P0.05),而CH_4和N_2O通量与温度则不存在显著的相关性.尽管如此,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量的时间变化更多地是受温度以及植被生长状况的影响,而空间变化则主要由植被的状况所决定;外来种互花米草主要是通过增加CO_2排放来影响滨海湿地的全球变暖潜能.     

Layered sphere-shaped TiO2 capped with gold nanoparticles on structural defects and their catalysis of formaldehyde oxidation

We describe here a one-step method for the synthesis of Au/TiO₂ nanosphere materials, which were formed by layered deposition of multiple anatase TiO₂ nanosheets. The Au nanoparticles were stabilized by structural defects in each TiO₂ nanosheet, including crystal steps and edges, thereby fixing the Au–TiO₂ perimeter interface. Reactant transfer occurred along the gaps between these TiO₂ nanosheet layers and in contact with catalytically active sites at the Au–TiO₂ interface. The doped Au induced the formation of oxygen vacancies in the Au–TiO₂ interface. Such vacancies are essential for generating active oxygen species (*O⁻) on the TiO₂ surface and Ti^3 + ions in bulk TiO₂. These ions can then form Ti^3 +–O⁻–Ti^4 + species, which are known to enhance the catalytic activity of formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation. These studies on structural and oxygen vacancy defects in Au/TiO₂ samples provide a theoretical foundation for the catalytic mechanism of HCHO oxidation on oxide-supported Au materials.     

Microbial reduction of uranium (VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2: A macroscopic and spectroscopic study

The microbial reduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2, isolated from soil in Southwest China, was explored using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our studies indicated that approximately 16.0% of U(VI) at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L uranium nitrate could be reduced by Bacillus sp. dwc-2 at pH 8.2 under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Additionally, natural organic matter (NOM) played an important role in enhancing the bioreduction of U(VI) by Bacillus sp. dwc-2. XPS results demonstrated that the uranium presented mixed valence states (U(VI) and U(IV)) after bioreduction, which was subsequently confirmed by XANES. Furthermore, the TEM and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis suggested that the reduced uranium was bioaccumulated mainly within the cell and as a crystalline structure on the cell wall. These observations implied that the reduction of uranium may have a significant effect on its fate in the soil environment in which these bacterial strains occur.     

京津冀地区主要排放源减排对PM2.5污染改善贡献评估

研究选取2012年1月和7月作为冬夏两季代表时段,利用CMAQ/2D-VBS模型分析了冬夏两季京津冀地区主要排放源减排30%对改善区域PM_(2.5)污染的效果.结果表明,工业源对PM_(2.5)污染的贡献最大,其次是民用源,但工业源单位减排量贡献低于民用源,交通源和电厂源的整体贡献和单位减排量贡献均较小.工业部门内贡献最大的为钢铁冶金行业,其次是水泥、工业锅炉、炼焦、石灰砖瓦和化工行业.与各部门各物种排放量的比较反映出各排放源贡献大小与其一次PM_(2.5)排放水平高度相关.因京津冀地区冬季NO_x减排对PM_(2.5)形成的促进作用,以及冬季较弱的大气垂直扩散作用,各排放源夏季减排比冬季普遍更有效,交通源、电厂源以及工业源中的水泥、工业锅炉和石灰砖瓦行业夏季减排效果相比冬季优势明显.民用源由于采暖季排放较高而冬季贡献更明显,农业源因秸秆开放燃烧量大,冬季单位减排量贡献十分显著.从同等幅度减排考虑,应将工业源作为控制重点,优先控制其一次PM_(2.5)排放,在部门内进一步重点控制钢铁冶金行业的NO_x和SO_2排放、水泥行业的夏季NO_x排放以及炼焦行业的SO_2和NMVOC排放.民用源排放应着重在冬季采暖期控制.     

天然黏土材料附着纳米TiO2对 电解锰渣中锰的吸附固定

采用机械球磨法对膨润土、硅藻土、高岭土3种天然黏土材料进行预处理,通过超声法将纳米TiO_2附着于其上制得复合材料,考察了不同复合材料加入量及养护时间条件下复合材料对电解锰渣中Mn的吸附固定效果。3种天然黏土材料中,硅藻土的平均粒径最小,比表面积和总孔隙度最大,对水中Mn的吸附量也最大。黏土材料附着纳米TiO_2后对电解锰渣中Mn的吸附固定效果较单纯黏土材料有明显改善。在养护时间为12 d、硅藻土附着纳米Ti O_2复合材料加入量为10%(w)的最佳条件下,Mn的TCLP浸出量较原电解锰渣下降了83.04%。     

重金属阳离子荧光传感器合成及光谱性研究

通过亚胺缩合的反应制备出阳离子荧光传感器（Cation Fluorescent Sensors,CFSs）,并对其结构、光谱性能检测、荧光量子产率等进行了详细的研究.通过荧光化学传感器产生的荧光光谱一直是高效的分析方法,因此合成了新的基于席夫碱的荧光化学传感器,并研究了对各种金属离子的结合特性.在CH3CN溶液中测试了阳离子荧光传感器时不同阳离子的选择性响应,发现对Cu2＋有较好的选择性,可用于Cu2＋的检测.该类阳离子荧光传感器是基于2,2-联噻吩-5-乙醛的荧光发射基团和邻氨基苯甲醚为识别基团的一类阳离子荧光传感器.     

CO2浓度增加对作物影响的研究动态

大气CO2浓度不断增加将以两种方式影响作物的代谢、生长发育和产量的形成：一是通过温室效应“加热”气候,改变降水类型,进而影响作物;二是浓度变化本身对作物生理过程的影响。介绍了国内外近年来在与CO2浓度有关的作物生理实验方面取得的进展及其主要结果。     

中国旅游业CO_2排放区域差异的空间分析

在旅游业节能减排形势严峻的背景下,深入研究中国旅游业CO_2排放问题,制定科学的区域节能减排政策已刻不容缓。本文首先运用"自下而上"法,估算了1993-2012年中国整体旅游业、旅游业各分部门、大陆各省区(不含西藏)旅游业CO_2排放量。在此基础上,对全国及三大地带旅游业CO_2排放的总体特征进行分析;利用Theil指数法分析了中国旅游业CO_2排放强度的区域差异、区域内差异和区域间差异;运用AreView软件对中国旅游业CO_2排放强度的省际差异进行直观图示。分析结果显示:1993-2012年,中国旅游业CO_2排放量从1 480.868×10~4t升至6 274.129×10~4t;全国及三大地带旅游业CO_2排放强度整体上呈现出先显著下降、再缓慢梯度下降的趋势;中国旅游业CO_2排放强度空间分布不均匀,东部地区旅游业CO_2排放强度低于中部和西部地区;中国旅游业CO_2排放强度的区域总体差异、区域间差异和区域内差异整体呈逐渐缩小的趋势,区域间差异对总体差异的贡献率为94%-98%,区域间差异占主导地位;中国旅游业CO_2排放强度省际差异明显,属于旅游业CO_2排放强度弱显著区的省区基本位于东部沿海地区,河北、湖南、河南、广西、甘肃和新疆等省区频繁出现在旅游业CO_2排放强度强显著区之列,因此上述省区应是中国旅游业CO_2未来节能减排的区域重点。据此提出差别化的CO_2减排对策:东部地区应通过技术改进和调整产业结构、能源消费结构来降低CO_2排放强度,并以此带动中部和西部地区旅游业节能减排;中部和西部地区应加强与东部地区合作,将提高能源使用率、降低CO_2排放强度作为旅游业减排工作的重点。     

双水相气浮浮选光度法处理环境水样中痕量土霉素残留物

建立了一种新型分离方法--双水相气浮浮选光度法,使其处理环境水样中痕量土霉紊(OTC)残留物,研究了其工作原理,并用高效液相色谱法对该方法的可靠性进行了验证.利用自制的双水相气浮浮选装置,选择四氢呋喃作亲水有机溶剂、质量分数为10%的NaCl溶液作分相剂,NaOH溶液调节pH,将Cu2+与OTC形成的疏水配合物浮选至有机相,实现OTC与水样分离.浮选完毕后,经紫外-可见分光光度法分析,线性回归方程为A=1.532×105c+0.1230(其中:A为有机相的吸光度;c为水样的OTC摩尔浓度,mol/L),相关系数为0.9998,该方法的线性范围为4.8×10-7～7.3×10-5 mol/L,OTC加标回收率为99.5%～100.1%.