钙和铅相互作用对鲫鱼毒性效应的影响

以鲫鱼为材料,研究了钙和铅相互作用对鲫鱼毒性效应的影响.试验分为5组,分别为空白对照Ⅰ组、单独染铅Ⅱ组(0.1 mg·L-1)及铅钙联合组(Ⅲ组:0.1 mg·L-1铅+2 mmol·L-1钙,Ⅳ组:0.1 mg·L-1铅+4 mmol·L-1钙,Ⅴ组:0.1 mg·L-1铅+6 mmol·L-1钙),处理35 d后,检测鲫鱼肌肉、鳃中铅含量,以及肝胰脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鲫鱼肌肉、鳃中铅含量增高(p0.05),Ⅴ组鲫鱼肌肉中铅含量降低(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅳ、Ⅴ组鲫鱼肌肉、鳃中铅含量降低(p0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组CAT活性降低(p0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组CAT活性升高(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅳ、Ⅴ组CAT活性升高(p0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组T-AOC活性降低(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组T-AOC活性增高(p0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组MDA含量升高(p0.05),与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组MDA含量降低(p0.05).由此可见,钙可竞争鲫鱼对铅的吸收,降低铅在其肌肉、鳃中的蓄积,提高鲫鱼肝胰脏的抗氧化能力,表明钙能降低铅的毒性效应.     

利用浊度分析法研究硅酸对磷酸钙沉淀的影响

磷酸钙沉淀法是从污水中回收磷的最常用的方法之一.本文通过测定溶液浊度的方法研究了钙磷比为2∶1的条件下pH和硅酸对磷酸钙沉淀的影响.结果发现,pH低于6时,短时间内溶液中不能形成磷酸钙沉淀;而pH大于7时,溶液中迅速生成磷酸钙沉淀,且随pH的增加沉淀速度变大.XRD谱图表明,pH=7或8时都生成热力学最稳定的羟基磷酸钙沉淀.7 mg·L-1单硅酸的存在使生成的磷酸钙溶液的初始浊度从10NTU增加到20 NTU,使磷酸钙沉淀速度加倍,说明单硅酸能促进磷酸钙的沉淀速度.而聚硅酸使溶液初始浊度从10 NTU降低到0 NTU,抑制了磷酸钙的沉淀速度,表明不同形态的硅酸对磷酸钙的沉淀速度有不同的影响.XRD谱图表明,硅酸存在时,溶液中除了生成羟基磷酸钙外,还生成其他类型的磷酸钙.     

三种有机酸对磷酸钙法回收模拟养猪场污水中磷的影响

采用磷酸钙(Calcium Phosphate,CP)结晶法回收模拟养猪场污水中的磷,考察了不同pH值条件下,3种有机酸(柠檬酸、丁二酸和乙酸)对模拟污水中磷去除率的影响,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对结晶产物进行了表征.结果表明,CP结晶反应的最佳pH值约为9.5.在相同pH值条件下,柠檬酸对CP结晶反应中磷的去除效率和速率均有显著影响,高浓度柠檬酸能够完全抑制CP结晶反应,导致磷的去除率小于5%.相比之下,丁二酸和乙酸对磷的去除效率和速率影响不明显.3种有机酸对CP结晶产物的形状没有明显影响,所得产物均呈不定形的块状,但产物体积大小会随有机酸浓度升高而明显减小.不同浓度丁二酸和乙酸存在条件下均能得到羟基磷酸钙(Hydroxylapatite,HAP)晶体,但柠檬酸的存在会影响所得产物晶形.     

北塘排污河天津中心城区段恶臭污染调查与分析研究

为研究天津市中心城区北塘排污河恶臭污染特征,沿北塘排污河布设5个采样点位,分别在夏、秋、冬三季进行了系统采样.北塘排污河夏、秋、冬三季总检出浓度为23.842 5 mg/m^3,夏季（9.273 1mg/m^3）＞冬季（8.388 4 mg/m^3）＞秋季（6.181 0 mg/m^3）,靖江桥和兵营桥两个点位受赵沽里泵站出水水质的影响较大,对周围的恶臭污染程度更为严重.北塘排污河污染物质总检出浓度组成特征：无机气体＞含氧烃＞烷烃＞芳香烃＞卤代烃＞烯烃＞硫化物,共检出物质67种,检出率大于70％的污染物共30种,广泛存在的物质为11种,主要恶臭污染物为少量的含氧烃、无机气体和硫化物,乙醛、丙酮、硫化氢和甲硫醇为北塘排污河主要恶臭污染物.     

HT系列新型袋式除尘器在碳酸钙烘干机的应用

国内生产纳米级碳酸钙的企业大多选择三蒸往复式烘干机对一次脱水后的碳酸钙粉体进行脱水,烘干机排放的废气具有温度高、湿度大、气体含尘浓度高、粉尘粒径细微、易结晶等问题,为了能更好地处理废气中的粉尘,重点分析了碳酸钙生产企业纳米级烘干机排放气体的特性,结合旋风除尘器、静电除尘器、普通袋式除尘器在此行业中实际使用情况,进行分析和性能对比,重点说明HT系列新型袋式除尘器在碳酸钙行业的应用和特点.该类型除尘器既降低了设备投资成本,又实现了高效率回收、高标准排放.     

R134a在水平环形通道内的凝结换热性能

在空气源热泵热水器中,对水平套管冷凝器环形通道内R134a的凝结换热特性进行实验研究。在冷凝器不同进水流量、进水温度时,实验测试了水平套管冷凝器凝结换热系数随热流密度、冷凝压力及干度的变化。实验工况为:冷凝器的进水流量为0.6~1.0 m~3/h,进水温度为15~60℃。实验结果表明:水平环形通道内R134a的凝结换热系数随热流密度和冷凝压力(温度)的升高而减小,当冷凝压力为1.3 MPa,热流密度由18 k W/m2增加至20.5 k W/m~2时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了6.9%;当热流密度为15 k W/m~2,冷凝压力由1.78 MPa增大至1.83 MPa时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了5.8%。R134a的局部凝结换热系数随干度的增大而增大,当冷凝压力为1.1 MPa,热流密度为18.3 k W/m~2,制冷剂干度由0.1增大至0.9时,R134a的局部凝结换热系数增大了24.4%。     

硫化物对电镀厂铬污染土壤的稳定化效果及其机理研究

以某电镀厂旧址内的铬(Cr)污染土壤为研究对象,分别添加多硫化钙(CPS)、硫化钠(Na2S)以及焦亚硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_5)3种硫化物稳定剂,探究3种稳定剂不同投加摩尔比对土壤中Cr的价态变化、浸出毒性和形态分布的影响.结果表明:CPS对Cr(Ⅵ)还原效果最佳,当CPS投加摩尔比为3时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)含量从1587.5 mg·kg-1减少至12.43 mg·kg~(-1),还原效率高达99.2%,然而相同条件下Na_2S和Na_2S_2O_5对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效率仅分别为55.6%和74.5%.CPS对Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr稳定效率最高,当CPS投加摩尔比为3时,浸出Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr浓度分别为0.02mg·L~(-1)和0.32 mg·L~(-1),Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr稳定效率分别为99.8%和99.1%,此时Cr(Ⅵ)浓度满足GB/T 14848-93《地下水水质标准》规定的限值.相同投加摩尔比下Na2S和Na_2S_2O_5对Cr(Ⅵ)稳定效率分别仅为63.0%和98.9%,对总Cr稳定效率分别为66.5%和77.2%;浸出Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr浓度随着CPS和Na2S投加摩尔比的增加而降低,然而随着Na_2S_2O_5投加摩尔比的增加,浸出Cr(Ⅵ)浓度持续下降,但总Cr浓度不断升高.CPS和Na2S稳定化后土壤中Cr的有机物结合态变化不大(p0.05)、铁锰氧化物结合态显著增加(p0.05).硫化物稳定剂稳定化后土壤中Cr的可交换态含量的变化是影响浸出总Cr浓度变化的主要原因.基于3种硫化物稳定剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原效率、Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr稳定效率和Cr的可交换态含量的影响,CPS投加摩尔比为3时,对该电镀厂铬污染土壤的稳定化效果最佳.     

复合释氧剂的制备及其对水体修复的作用

采用腐殖酸钠、过氧化钙和沸石为原材料,在一定条件下制备复合释氧剂用于黑臭水体的生态修复。研究结果表明,复合释氧剂最佳制备条件为m(CaO_2)∶m(沸石)为1∶1、Na-A质量分数为2%和固化温度为100℃,复合释氧剂可显著延长释氧周期,且释氧过程对水体pH和COD的影响极低;底泥修复实验结果显示,复合释氧剂投加量为560 g/m~2时,上覆水溶解氧和氧化还原电位在第30天时分别维持在1.32 mg/L及42 m V,水中TP和COD去除率可分别达到90.11%和63%,表明复合释氧剂可有效改善水质并抑制底泥磷释放,这对城镇黑臭水体的生态修复治理具有一定的实际意义。     

Extent and Channel Morphology of Unmapped Headwater Stream Segments of the Quabbin Watershed,Massachusetts1

Brooks, Robert T. and Elizabeth A. Colburn, 2011. Extent and Channel Morphology of Unmapped Headwater Stream Segments of the Quabbin Watershed, Massachusetts. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):158‐168. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00499.x Abstract: Effective regulatory protection and management of headwater resources depend on consistent and accurate identification and delineation of stream occurrence. Published maps and digital resources fail to represent the true occurrence and extent of headwater streams. This study assessed the accuracy of mapped origins of “blue‐line” streams depicted on U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, and, if present, the morphological characteristics of unmapped stream segments. We identified 170 mapped stream origins on the Quabbin Reservoir watershed, Massachusetts. Of 30 mapped stream origins, we identified and examined 26 unmapped stream segments above 25, with an average length of 502 m. Twenty unmapped tributaries occurred on 10 of the 26 unmapped segments, with an average length of 127 m. Wetland reaches occurred more frequently and were larger on unmapped than on mapped stream segments. A significant and complex stream network occurs above most mapped stream origins. For the Quabbin watershed, we estimate that there are 85.8 km of unmapped stream upgradient of 314.5 km of mapped streams. Reliance on mapped stream networks for regulatory standards allows for the potential disturbance or even destruction of the unmapped stream resources. Jurisdictional regulations and guidelines should be revised so that the occurrence of streams should require field validation.     

Improved Bankfull Channel Geometry Prediction Using Two‐Year Return‐Period Discharge1

He, Laien and Gregory V. Wilkerson, 2011. Improved Bankfull Channel Geometry Prediction Using Two‐Year Return‐Period Discharge. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1298–1316. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00567.x Abstract:  Bankfull discharge (Q_bf) and bankfull channel geometry (i.e., width, W_bf; mean depth, D_bf; and cross‐section area, A_bf) are important design parameters in stream restoration, habitat creation, mined land reclamation, and related projects. The selection of values for these parameters is facilitated by regional curves (regression models in which Q_bf, W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf are predicted as a function of drainage area, A_da). This paper explores the potential for the two‐year return‐period discharge (Q₂) to improve predictions of W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf. Improved predictions are expected because Q₂ estimates integrate the effects of basin drainage area, climate, and geology. For conducting this study, 29 datasets (each representing one hydrologic region) spanning 14 states in the United States were analyzed. We assessed the utility of using Q₂ by comparing statistical measures of regression model performance (e.g., coefficient of determination and Akaike’s information criterion). Compared to using A_da, Q₂ is shown to be a “clearly superior” predictor of W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf, respectively, for 21, 13, and 25% of the datasets. By contrast, A_da yielded a clearly superior model for predicting W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf, respectively, for 0, 0, and 14% of the datasets. Our conclusion is that it alongside with developing conventional regional curves using A_da it is prudent to develop regional curves that use Q₂ as an independent variable because in some cases the resulting model will be superior.