钙基烟气脱硫剂制备的实验研究

采用正交实验 ,研究了水合制备高效钙基烟气脱硫剂时各制备条件对产物的影响。结果表明 ,水合时间、水合温度Ca(OH) 2 /CaSO4的质量比 ,以及飞灰 / (Ca(OH) 2 +CaSO4)质量比四个条件对脱硫剂比表面积的形成有显著的影响 ;从而由单因素实验得出一最佳钙基脱硫剂制备条件组合。此外 ,通过XDR分析 ,测定了脱硫剂的物相组成 ,扫描电镜观察显示飞灰和水合吸收剂具有不同的表面形态     

BANKFULL DISCHARGE RECURRENCE INTERVALS AND REGIONAL HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY RELATIONSHIPS: PATTERNS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST,USA1

ABSTRACT: The model bankfull discharge recurrence interval (annual series) (T_a) in streams has been approximated at a 1.5‐year flow event. This study tests the linkage between regional factors (climate, physiography, and ecoregion) and the frequency of bank‐full discharge events in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Patterns of Ta were found to be significant when stratified by EPA Ecoregion. The mean value for T_a in the PNW is 1.4 years; however, when the data is stratified by ecoregion, the humid areas of western Oregon and Washington have a mean value of 1.2 years, while the dryer areas of Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington have a mean value of 1.4 to 1.5 years. Among the four factors evaluated, vegetation association and average annual precipitation are the primary factors related to channel form and T_a. Based on the results of the T_a analyses, regional hydraulic geometry relationships of streams were developed for the PNW, which relate variables, such as bank‐full cross‐sectional area, width, depth, and velocity, to bankfull discharge and drainage area. The verification of T_a values, combined with the development of regional hydraulic geometry relationships, provides geographically relevant information that will result in more accurate estimates of hydraulic geometry variables in the PNW.     

废旧电路板中溴的回收工艺研究

在废旧电路板热解处理过程中,溴化阻燃剂分解产生大量溴化氢,为了减少溴化氢对热解设备和环境的危害,提出了碳酸钙吸附分离溴化氢的处理工艺,生成的溴化钙通过水的浸取、过滤、蒸发、浓缩等过程,获得了质量分数为52%,密度为1.7 g/mL的溴化钙水溶液.研究了热解温度、碳酸钙用量对溴化钙产率的影响规律及溴化钙的浸取工艺条件.热解吸附试验表明,碳酸钙与电路板的质量比为1.2～1.4,热解温度约为600 ℃时,溴化钙的产率最高可达86%;浸取试验表明,溴化钙的单次浸取率随浸取剂的浓度增大而降低,随温度升高而提高.溴的回收率主要取决于溴化钙的产率,通过选择合适的热解吸附条件,废旧电路板中溴的总回收率高于80%,所回收的溴化钙液体产品主要技术指标接近同类市售产品.     

HAP诱导磷酸钙结晶回收低磷污水中的磷

为提高磷酸钙结晶产物回收价值和低磷适应性,以羟基磷酸钙(HAP)为晶种,诱导Ca-P结晶回收模拟二级出水(初始PO4-P浓度1.0mg/L)中的磷,对比了诱导结晶与均相结晶的磷回收效果,考察了Ca/P比和晶种投加量对磷回收的影响,并结合产物SEM、EDS、XRD和FTIR分析,探讨了HAP诱导Ca-P结晶机制.结果表明...     

地震堰塞湖人工排泄断面优化初探

汶川8.0级特大地震诱发了以唐家山堰塞湖为典型的大量堰塞湖,对上下游人民生命财产安全造成了严重的威胁和危害。对震后堰塞湖的处置成为今后次生山地灾害减灾的一大关键性课题。在回顾和总结唐家山堰塞湖的应急排险经验的基础上,对泄流槽纵、横断面的优化进行了初步的探讨。同时在开挖过程中,也应考虑堰塞体组成物质、抗冲稳定性、施工设备等因素选择泄流槽体型。震后5～10年是泥石流、滑坡灾害的活跃期,发生大规模泥石流、滑坡堵江事件的可能性也随之增加,期望研究能够为堰塞湖的排险处理提供一定的技术参考。     

木浆造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆生产普钙的研究

利用木浆造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆,降低矿浆流动起点水分,既简化普钙生产流程,降低普钙生产成本,又能消除造纸黑液污染。试验结果表明：木浆造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆最佳黑液投入量为0.027mL/g矿粉,当矿浆含水率控制在26％～28％之间时,矿浆粘度可降至0.70Pa·s以下,所生产的鲜钙能满足质量要求。为造纸黑液活化磷矿矿浆生产普钙提供了理论和技术依据     

过氧化钙的制备及其在废水处理中的应用

开发出一种过氧化钙常温合成新工艺。在氯化铵与过氧化氢质量比为10／130、采用稳定剂ⅠA和稳定剂ⅡB的条件下,使氢氧化钙与过氧化氢反应合成过氧化钙,其收率为35．9％,纯度为72．3％。用制得的过氧化钙去除机械工业废水中的重金属离子,在室温、过氧化钙用量0．1％～0．2％、处理时间30min、处理过程中不调整pH的条件下,含锰35．58μg／mL、铜67μg／mL、锌31．3μg／mL、铬43．56μg／mL(均为质量浓度)的废水经一次处理后,锰、铜、锌浓度和pH均达到国家一级水排放标准,铬的一次去除率达到39％以上。     

化工污染场地氟污染土壤的稳定化技术研究

通过以某电解铝厂内的氟污染土壤为研究对象,添加钙、镁、铝剂及碱性材料共8种不同材料作为稳定剂开展稳定化修复技术研究,分析不同稳定剂对土壤pH值和氟化物浸出毒性的影响,探讨稳定剂对氟化物的稳定效果.结果表明:钙剂、镁剂、铝剂均降低了土壤pH值和氟化物的浸出浓度,其中氯化铝的投加量为3％时稳定效果最佳,氟化物浸出浓度下降了...     

全氟辛烷磺酸神经发育毒性机制研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是全氟化合物的终端降解产物,在生态环境中能够通过食物链进入生物组织并蓄积,对环境和生物存在潜在危害。动物实验研究发现,PFOS能够通过胎盘和血脑屏障,影响发育期神经系统,其持续性和严重性已引起国内外学者的广泛关注。本文通过对PFOS神经发育毒性效应及其主要机制研究进展进行综述,分析目前研究现状,并对未来PFOS神经发育毒性机制研究提出设想和展望。     

Diffusive wave models for operational forecasting of channel routing at continental scale

Operational forecast models require robust, computationally efficient, and reliable algorithms. We desire accurate forecasts within the limits of the uncertainties in channel geometry and roughness because the output from these algorithms leads to flood warnings and a variety of water management decisions. The current operational Water Model uses the Muskingum-Cunge method, which does not account for key hydraulic conditions such as flow hysteresis and backwater effects, limiting its ability in situations with pronounced backwater effects. This situation most commonly occurs in low-gradient rivers, near confluences and channel constrictions, coastal regions where the combined actions of tides, storm surges, and wind can cause adverse flow. These situations necessitate a more rigorous flow routing approach such as dynamic or diffusive wave approximation to simulate flow hydraulics accurately. Avoiding the dynamic wave routing due to its extreme computational cost, this work presents two diffusive wave approaches to simulate flow routing in a complex river network. This study reports a comparison of two different diffusive wave models that both use a finite difference solution solved using an implicit Crank–Nicolson (CN) scheme with second-order accuracy in both time and space. The first model applies the CN scheme over three spatial nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Space (CNS). The second model uses the CN scheme over three temporal nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Time (CNT). Both models can properly account for complex cross-section geometry and variable computational points spacing along the channel length. The models were tested in different watersheds representing a mixture of steep and flat topographies. Comparing model outputs against observations of discharges and water levels indicated that the models accurately predict the peak discharge, peak water level, and flooding duration. Both models are accurate and computationally stable over a broad range of hydraulic regimes. The CNS model is dependent on the Courant criteria, making it less computational efficient where short channel segments are present. The CNT model does not suffer from that constraint and is, thus, highly computationally efficient and could be more useful for operational forecast models.