新型钙铝石类水处理剂对冶炼综合废水中阴阳离子的同步去除研究

制备了一种主要成分为12CaO.7Al2O3的层状结构的新型钙铝石类水处理剂,并针对某种冶炼综合废水开展了实验室小试和现场中试。结果表明:投加占废水质量5‰～7‰的药剂,可将冶炼综合废水中的Zn2+、Cd2+、Ca2+、SO24-分别以Ca2ZnSi2O7、Cd2OSO4、CaSO4.2H2O的形式同步去除,去除率分别可达50%～60%、80%、100%。离子去除率与药剂投加量、反应时间、废水初始pH值、废水初始离子浓度等因素总体上均呈正相关。出水水质不仅满足达标排放标准,而且基本达到或接近工业循环冷却水回用标准。     

Effect of calcium on adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon

We investigated the effect of calcium ion on the adsorption of humic acid (HA) (as a target pollutant) by powered activated carbon. The HA adsorption isotherms at different pH and kinetics of two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, were performed. It was showed that the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) for HA was markedly enhanced when Ca²⁺ was doped into HA. Also, HA and Ca²⁺ taken as nitrate were tested on the uptake of each other respectively and it was showed that the adsorbed amounts of both of them were significantly promoted when HA and calcium co-existed. Furthermore, the adsorbed amount of HA slightly decreased with the increasing of Ca²⁺ concentration, whereas the amount of calcium increased with the increasing of HA concentration, but all above the amounts without addition. Finally, the change of pH before and after adsorption process is studied. In the two different solutions including HA alone and HA doped Ca²⁺, pH had a small rise, but the extent of pH of later solution was bigger.     

Bedded Sediment Conditions and Macroinvertebrate Responses in New Mexico Streams: A First Step in Establishing Sediment Criteria

Excess fine sediments in streambeds are among the most pervasive causes of degradation in streams of the United States. Simple criteria for acceptable streambed fines are elusive because streambed fines and biotic tolerances vary widely in the absence of human disturbances. In response to the need for sediment benchmarks that are protective of minimum aquatic life uses under the Clean Water Act, we undertook a case study using surveys of sediment, physical habitat, and macroinvertebrates from New Mexico streams. Our approach uses weight of evidence to develop suggested benchmarks for protective levels of surficial bedded sediments <0.06 mm (silt and finer) and <2.0 mm (sand and finer). We grouped streams into three ecoregions that were expected to produce similar naturally occurring streambed textures and patterns of response to human disturbances. Within ecoregions, we employed stressor response models to estimate fine sediment percentages and bed stability that are tolerated by resident macroinvertebrates. We then compared individual stream sediment data with distributions among least‐disturbed reference sites to determine deviation from natural conditions, accounting for natural variability across ecoregion, gradient, and drainage area. This approach for developing benchmark values could be applied more widely to provide a solid basis for developing bedded sediment criteria and other protective management strategies in other regions.     

WIDTH OF STREAMS AND RIVERS IN RESPONSE TO VEGETATION,BANK MATERIAL,AND OTHER FACTORS1

ABSTRACT: An extensive group of datasets was analyzed to examine factors affecting widths of streams and rivers. Results indicate that vegetative controls on channel size are scale dependent. In channels with watersheds greater than 10 to 100 km², widths are narrower in channels with thick woody bank vegetation than in grass lined or nonforested banks. The converse is true in smaller streams apparently due to interactions between woody debris, shading, understory vegetation, rooting characteristics, and channel size. A tree based statistical method (regression tree) is introduced and tested as a tool for identifying thresholds of response and interpreting interactions between variables. The implications of scale dependent controls on channel width are discussed in the context of stable channel design methods and development of regional hydraulic geometry curves.     

氯化钙活化稻草秸秆生物质炭的制备工艺及其吸磷性能研究

在大多数生态系统中,磷(P)元素是植物生长的限制性元素,也是造成水体富营养化的主要原因.而水体中P的去除方法中尤以吸附法的研究和应用最为广泛.本文以稻草秸秆为原料,Ca Cl2(质量分数10%)为活化剂制备活性生物质炭,作为控制农业面源污染的吸P材料.通过控制稻草秸秆炭制备的炭化温度、浸渍比等工艺条件及溶液初始P浓度、吸附时间、秸秆炭用量、干扰离子、pH等试验条件,研究改性稻草秸秆炭吸P性能及其吸附机理.试验结果表明:在考虑经济性的前提下,稻草秸秆炭吸P性能最优的制备工艺条件为:炭化温度为700℃,浸渍比(m稻草∶m氯化钙)为1∶0.5;改性稻草秸秆炭处理含10 mg·L-1PO3-4-P(以P计)水样,P去除率可达到97%,溶液pH从6.87升至9.52;对稻草秸秆炭对P的吸附情况采用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进行拟合,R2可分别达到0.947和0.892,说明其主要为单分子层化学吸附;此外,根据溶液的pH和P浓度的变化情况,推测P的吸附主要由离子交换实现,即PO3-4-P(主要为H2PO-4)取代结合在Ca离子上的氢氧根而被吸附,秸秆炭上的氢氧根释放,水样pH值上升.     

我国电石法生产聚氯乙烯行业汞排放清单

提出了我国电石法聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产全生命周期汞排放清单的计算方法。采用低汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒无盐酸脱吸工艺的汞输入因子分别为0.045 g/kt、0.091 g/kt和0.122 g/kt,回收产品的汞输出分布因子分别为95.37%、81.97%和97.18%。估算得到:2010年我国电石法PVC生产汞输入量792.8~814.8 t;回收的产品汞705.9~724.4 t,通过大气无组织排放、管道残留以及其他未知途径汞排放79.6~82.8 t;废水汞排放1.3 t;固体废物汞排放3.6~3.7 t;废酸汞排放2.5~2.6 t。回收的产品汞是汞输出的主要途径。     

基于木质素磺酸钙的湿式除尘系统氢气爆炸事故控制措施研究

为了减少湿式除尘系统发生氢气爆炸事故的可能性,提出通过抑制湿式除尘系统中铝粉与水反应的方法来从本质上加以控制。选取木质素磺酸钙为抑制剂,利用研发的金属粉与水反应产生氢气测试仪进行氢气抑制实验,得出不同浓度木质素磺酸钙溶液随时间变化的抑氢曲线,表明木质素磺酸钙能较好地抑制铝粉和水反应产生氢气。使用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱法（Fourier Transform Infrared,FTIR）对铝粉与木质素磺酸钙溶液反应后的产物进行表征,研究木质素磺酸钙的抑制机理。研究结果表明:可以将木质素磺酸钙应用到铝制品抛光打磨场所的湿式除尘系统中,从而降低氢气爆炸事故发生的可能性。     

Endogenous nitric oxide mediates alleviation of cadmium toxicity induced by calcium in rice seedlings

The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on rice seedling growth under cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) stress, as well as the possible role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in this process, was studied. The growth of rice seedlings was seriously inhibited by CdCl₂, and the inhibition was significantly mitigated by CaCl₂. However, hemoglobin (Hb) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolinel- oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) weakened the promotion effect of CaCl₂. The results of NO fluorescence localization suggest that growth accelerated by CaCl₂ might be associated with elevated NO levels. The content of Cd, protein thiols (PBT), and nonprotein thiols (NPT) in cell walls, cell organelles, and soluble fractions, respectively, of rice seedlings decreased considerably in the presence of CaCl₂, whereas the content of pectin, hemicellulose 1 (HC1), and hemicellulose 2 (HC2) increased significantly. Elimination of endogenous NO in Cd+Ca treatment could promote the transportation of Cd²⁺ to cell organelles and soluble fractions and increase the content of NPT and PBT in leaves. In addition, transportation of Cd²⁺ to cell organelles and soluble fractions was retarded in roots, the content of NPT increased, and the content of PBT decreased. With elimination of endogenous NO in Cd+Ca treatment, the content of pectin, HC1, and HC2 decreased significantly. Thus, Ca may alleviate Cd toxicity via endogenous NO with variation in the levels of NPT, PBT, and matrix polysaccharides.     

脱硫石膏中无机杂质对制备碳酸钙及其活性的影响

为了达到烟气脱硫石膏减量化处理,建立其资源化利用方法,在考虑到烟气脱硫石膏来源复杂性的基础上,分别考察了金属离子(如Mg2+,Fe3+)和非金属离子(如F-)对利用碳酸铵转化烟气脱硫石膏,制备碳酸钙粉末的影响。结果表明,F-,Mg2+,Fe3+等离子对脱硫石膏转化率有不同程度影响,但转化率均能达到70%以上,转化固体产物为较纯碳酸钙粉末。其中随着阳离子Mg2+,Fe3+含量增加,转化率下降;F-的水解作用以及络合物的生成将对转化率造成复杂影响,0.5 wt%为最优的含量。转化产物经其吸收活性测试,其活度比天然石灰石略低,到达脱硫剂基本要求,但需注意杂质离子的积累效应。碳酸铵转化烟气脱硫石膏方法可制备微细碳酸钙粉末,是一种循环利用烟气脱硫石膏的有效途径。     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率的探讨

热电厂循环流化床锅炉通过使用燃煤中添加以石灰石为主要原料的脱硫剂的方法实现高效脱硫,具有燃烧效率高、煤种适应性宽、氮氧化物排放量低、易实现炉内高效脱硫等特点,近年来一直被热电行业广泛运用。循环流化床锅炉炉温较低,一般在850℃～950℃之间,便于采用脱硫剂脱硫。常用脱硫剂一般以石灰石为主要原料,采用在锅炉内直接与燃煤燃烧接触,达到燃烧中脱硫,而钙硫比的高低对炉内脱硫效果影响较大。以实际范例研究了通过物料衡算方法进行脱硫效率实验来选择脱硫剂及用量的方法。