FY2 号气象卫星估算地面太阳辐射研究

综合考虑太阳因素、地形因素、地表积雪覆盖情况、云量以及非均质大气对太阳辐射的影响,基于FY2 号静止卫星构建晴空太阳总辐射计算模型,并利用山西省3 个辐射观测站2011 年逐时、逐日、逐月太阳总辐射观测资料对其估算结果进行检验。研究结果显示：逐时误差在±1 MJ·m^-2之间,逐日误差在±5 MJ·m^-2之间,表明模型计算的太阳辐射误差较小,稳定性较好;逐月误差结果显示,三个站模拟值都大于实测值,且误差趋势一致,均表现为冬季误差高于夏季;进一步对模拟值和实测值进行相关性分析,三站线性拟合度均在0.86～0.92 之间,且相关系数均达到显著相关水平,表明模型计算的太阳辐射准确性和精度较高,且在数值拟合上较好地反映了实际的太阳总辐射量,证实该模型应用于FY2 号气象卫星的可行性。     

金属离子对δ-MnO2 去除对叔辛基酚抑制作用的研究

研究了pH 4.0的水溶液中各种金属离子对合成的δ-MnO2去除对叔辛基酚(4-t-OP)的影响.实验表明反应150 min时,δ-MnO2对4-t-OP的去除率达到100%,但当反应体系中含有金属离子时,去除效果受到抑制.抑制效果随金属离子浓度的增加而增大,并随金属离子的不同表现出较大的差异.在pH 4.0条件下,Pb2+和Mn2+的抑制效果最强,其次为过渡金属离子,再次是碱土金属离子,而碱金属离子基本上不产生抑制作用.还比较了δ-MnO2对多种金属离子的吸附能力,其对Pb2+的吸附作用最强,在其余的金属离子中,对过渡金属离子的吸附量稍大于碱土金属离子.结果表明,金属离子所产生抑制作用的源于其占据了δ-MnO2表面反应位点并与4-t-OP形成竞争,而抑制作用大小的差异主要来源于δ-MnO2与金属离子间吸附作用强弱的差别,MnO2表面结构的变化,以及溶液中自由态金属离子的分布比例及其离子半径的不同.     

UV和H2 O2联合消毒灭活饮用水中大肠杆菌研究

以大肠杆菌为研究对象,对单独紫外线(UV)、H2O2及两者不同组合方式的灭活效果进行了分析.结果表明,单独H2O2对大肠杆菌基本无灭活效果,加入浓度为20 mg·L-1的H2O2接触时间为30 min时,灭活率仅为0.02个对数级;单独UV工艺可在一定程度上灭活大肠杆菌,紫外线剂量为10 mJ·cm-2时,灭活率可达到4.51个对数级.紫外线和H2O2联合消毒在一定程度上提高了消毒效果,且不同的组合方式对灭活效果有很大的影响.先UV后H2O2消毒效果优于先H2O2后UV,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2分别反应2.5、5、10、20 min后,两者的灭活率分别较单独UV消毒增加0.09、0.35、0.38、0.68和0.01、0.07、0.14、0.53个对数级.而UV与H2O2同时消毒效果优于UV与H2O2顺序消毒,当紫外线剂量为5 mJ·cm-2时,加入H2O2反应20 min后,灭活率较UV-H2O2和H2O2-UV工艺分别增加了0.43和0.58个对数级.随着紫外线强度的增加,大肠杆菌的灭活效果不断提高.     

泥龄对A~2O工艺去除多环麝香的影响

研究了A2O工艺不同污泥龄(Sludge retention time,SRT)条件下中佳乐麝香(Galaxolide,HHCB)与吐纳麝香(Tonalide,AHTN)的去除和迁移的变化情况。采用固相萃取与气相质谱联用的方法对各池中水相与泥相中HHCB和AHTN的浓度进行分析。结果发现:A2O工艺对HHCB的去除效果好于AHTN。高SRT条件(15,20 d)下HHCB、AHTN的总去除率明显小于低SRT条件(5,10 d)下的总去除率。     

Adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole from aqueous solution by organo-bentonite

The adsorption behavior of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite was investigated.Natural bentonite from Gaozhou in Guangdong Province,China was collected.Organo-bentonite was prepared by intercalation of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide into the natural bentonite.The physicochemical properties of the prepared organo-bentonite were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that montmorillonite is the main component of the natural bentonite.The basal spacing of the natural bentonite is 1.47 nm,which increased to 1.98 nm on intercalation with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.Moreover,both the surface area and pore volume increased with intercalation.Clear CH2 stretching(3000-2800 cm-1) and scissoring(1480-1450 cm-1) modes of the intercalated surfactants were observed for organobentonite.Compared with the pseudo first-order kinetic model,the pseudo second-order kinetic model is more suitable to describe the adsorption kinetics of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite.The adsorption capacity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite increased with increasing initial concentration of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,but decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage.The adsorption isotherm of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite fits well with the Langmuir model.The maximum adsorption capacity of organo-bentonite for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was 33.61 mg/g,indicating that organo-bentonite is a promising adsorbent for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole.     

Effects of physical and chemical characteristics of surface sediments in the formation of shallow lake algae-induced black bloom

Surface sediments are closely related to lake black blooms. The dissolved oxygen （DO） distribution and its penetration depth in surface sediments as well as the migration and transformation of redox sensitive elements such as Fe and S at the sediment-water interface are important factors that could influence the formation of the black bloom. In this study, dredged and undredged sediment cores with different surface properties were used to simulate black blooms in the laboratory. The Micro Profiling System was employed to explore features of the DO and ∑H2S distribution at the sediment-water interface. Physical and chemical characteristics in sediments and pore waters were also analyzed. The results showed that sediment dredging effectively suppressed the black blooms. In the undredged treatment, DO penetration depth was only 50 μm. Fe^2＋ concentrations, ∑H2S concentrations, and ∑H2S production rates were remarkably higher in surface sediments and pore waters compared to control and dredged treatments. Furthermore, depletion of DO and accumulation of Fe^2＋ and ∑H2S in surface sediments and pore waters provided favorable redox environments and necessary material sources for the blooms. The study results proved that physical and chemical characteristics in surface sediments are important factors in the formation of the black bloom, and could provide scientific guidance for emergency treatment and long-term pre-control of black blooms.     

Formic acid as an alternative reducing agent for the catalytic nitrate reduction in aqueous media

Formic acid was used for the nitrate reduction as a reductant in the presence of Pd:Cu/γ-alumina catalysts. The surface characteristics of the bimetallic catalyst synthesized by wet impregnation were investigated by SEM, TEM-EDS. The metals were not distributed homogeneously on the surface of catalyst, although the total contents of both metals in particles agreed well with the theoretical values. Formic acid decomposition on the catalyst surface, its influence on solution pH and nitrate removal efficacy was investigated. The best removal of nitrate (50 ppm) was obtained under the condition of 0.75 g/L catalyst with Pd:Cu ratio (4:1) and two fold excess of formic acid. Formic acid decay patterns resembled those of nitrate removal, showing a linear relationship between kf (formic acid decay) and k (nitrate removal). Negligible amount of ammonia was detected, and no nitrite was detected, possibly due to buffering effect of bicarbonate that is in situ produced by the decomposition of formic acid, and due to the sustained release of H2 gas.     

贯彻落实“大气十条”的环境监测技术需求

2013年9月,国务院发布《大气污染防治行动计划》（以下简称《大气十条》）,捆响了向PM2.5污染宣战的“发令枪”,掀起了以防治大气污染为目标的全社会行动。《大气十条》提出,经过五年努力,使全国空气质量总体改善,重污染天气较大幅度减少;京津冀、长三角、珠三角等区域空气质量明显好转。《大气十条》把解决人民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的PM2.5污染问题作为根本出发点和落脚点,切实维护人民群众身体健康和环境权益。     

我国水泥工业碳排放特征及动态变化分析

水泥工业是温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的主要排放源,利用碳排放数学模型计算2001-2010年我国水泥工业碳的排放量,分析碳排放量的变化特点和发展趋势。结果表明:水泥工业碳排放总量逐年增长,与水泥产量和排放强度呈线性关系。"十一五"期间单位产品碳排放强度由0.69 t/t下降到0.65 t/t。万元GDP碳排放量2008年达到最低值为0.295 1 t,平均每年万元GDP碳排放量下降2.85%。水泥工业十年间实施节能降耗、资源循环利用、提高经济效益等措施,对于减少碳排放具有明显效果。     

新颖性染料脱色菌株的筛选及脱色效果研究

文章首次尝试以新颖筛选方法对台湾及大陆两岸当地微生物自然生态中,以非偶氮染料脱色作为优势筛选条件,以筛选出可有效电子传递于非偶氮染料RB198脱色的混菌,再进行优势纯化分离,以得到可对非偶氮染料具有强电子传递脱色能力的菌株。再藉此特性来研究其对偶氮染料电子传递生物脱色的特性。结果表明,通过脱色测试及蛋白质电泳初步筛选出4种对非偶氮染料RB198具有较优异脱色能力的菌株,并进行16S rRNA分析,此4株纯菌分别为Microvirgula aerodenitrificans,Acinetobacter guillouiae,Pseudomonas sp.,Rahnella aquatilis。其中Rahnella aquatilis DX2b,Microvirgula aerodenitrificans SH7b为脱色新菌株,文章首度发表其具有脱色性能,对非偶氮染料RB198及偶氮染料RB160,OrangeⅠ有优异脱色能力。