Hot water flushing for immiscible displacement of a viscous NAPL

Thermal remediation techniques, such as hot water flooding, are emerging technologies that have been proposed for the removal of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from the subsurface. In this study a combined laboratory and modeling investigation was conducted to determine if hot water flooding techniques would improve NAPL mass removal compared to ambient temperature water flushing. Two experiments were conducted in a bench scale two-dimensional sandbox (55 cmx45 cmx1.3 cm) and NAPL saturations were quantified using a light transmission apparatus. In these immiscible displacement experiments the aqueous phase, at 22 degrees C and 50 degrees C, displaced a zone with initial NAPL saturations on the order of 85%. The interfacial tension and viscosity of the selected light NAPL, Voltesso 35, are strongly temperature-dependent. Experimental results suggest that hot water flooding reduced the size of the high NAPL saturation zone, in comparison to the cold water flood, and yielded greater NAPL mass recovery (75% NAPL removal vs. 64%). Hot water flooding did not, however, result in lower residual NAPL saturations. A numerical simulator was modified to include simultaneous flow of water and organic phases, energy transport, temperature and pressure. Model predictions of mass removal and NAPL saturation profiles compared well with observed behavior. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the utility of hot water flooding improves with the increasing temperature dependence of NAPL hydraulic properties.     

SEAR技术修复土壤和地下水中NAPL污染的研究进展

就SEAR技术修复土壤及地下水中NAPL污染的原理及发展现状进行了综述.SEAR技术可以快速有效地去除土壤和地下水中的NAPL污染源,适于多种污染物.该技术通过增溶和增流2种途径提高NAPL污染物的去除率.表面活性剂的选择和微乳液体系的调配是SEAR技术实施的关键环节.将SEAR技术用于高浓度NAPL污染源的治理,并与生物修复和自然降解相结合,是经济高效的治理方案.     

NAPL态石油类污染物在黄土中迁移的稳态数学模型

根据NAPL态石油类污染物迁移的特点,建立了NAPL态石油类污染物在土壤中迁移的稳态数学模型,提出了综合污染系数的概念;根据延安黄土高原地区土壤和石油类污染物的特性测定了NAPL态石油类污染物对黄土的综合污染系数S＝6－8。最后在实验室条件下对模型进行了验证,结果表明模型计算值与实验值能够较好吻合。     

压裂缝网特征对低渗透NAPL污染地层抽提效率的影响机制

水力压裂可以有效改善低渗透污染地层物质传输速率低的难题,提升修复效率。采用大型多物理场耦合仿真软件COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS模拟低渗污染地层压裂协同抽提修复,分析不同压裂缝网特征对低渗透非水相液体 (NAPLs) 污染地层抽提效率的影响机制。结果表明,压裂缝网可以有效提升抽提效率,模拟工况的提升率可达42%,且污染物去除率均随着裂隙厚度、长度和渗透率的增加而提高,裂隙渗透率是最主要的影响因素。通过缝网特征参数的耦合分析发现,当裂隙渗透率k_f/k大于100时,污染物去除率呈先增加后波动降低的趋势,且当裂隙长度为1.5 m时,去除效果最佳,这是因为当裂隙上层污染物被去除后,裂隙长度的促进作用会大幅衰减。因此,当裂隙设置于污染地层的下部,更有利于污染物的去除。     

光透法定量两相流中流体饱和度的模型及其应用

基于光透法定量流体饱和度的原理及其在两相流中的应用,设计了两组密封砂箱实验来研究气体或重非水相流体(DNAPL)在饱和孔隙介质中的迁移,观察了气体或DNAPL在孔隙介质中的迁移规律,应用并验证了2个水/气两相流中的光强-饱和度(LIS)模型,特别是建立并应用了适用于NAPL/水两相流系统的2个新LIS模型.结果表明,气体以不规则的\"指状\"通道向上迁移直到在砂箱顶部聚集,最终形成连续的气体分布;TCE由于自身重力的影响向下迁移直至砂箱底部,最终在砂箱中形成不规则的污染羽并在砂箱底部形成污染池.利用实验结果应用并验证4个光透法模型得到:2个水/气系统中LIS模型(WG-A和WG-B)整体适用于本实验数据;2个NAPL/水系统的LIS模型(NW-A和NW-B)得到与实测资料较吻合的结果,其中基于单个孔隙水驱替假设的模型NW-A与实验结果更加接近,对量化多孔介质中的NAPL/水系统各相饱和度具有一定的参考意义.     

Pickering乳化强化地下水三氯乙烯NAPL修复

合成了4种不同长径比的SiO₂颗粒调控水/NAPL界面,考察所形成的Pickering乳化效果和稳定性,结果表明：长径比（L/D）为2.3的SiO₂颗粒分散的Pickering乳液液滴尺寸均匀,直径约10 μm,且10d内保持稳定,乳化指数高达63%.流变测试进一步证实所形成的Pickering乳化具有低剪切应变下乳液稳定的特性,利于地下水的原位修复技术的实施.同时考察胶体颗粒浓度,水中离子强度以及水/NAPL比例对Pickering乳化效果和稳定性的影响,为Pickering乳化技术在实际地下水修复应用提供理论基础.通过对比Pickering乳化和未乳化条件下NAPL溶解和氧化降解动力学过程,发现Pickering乳化通过增大两相间界面积显著提高NAPL的溶解速率,进而实现NAPL相污染物降解速率的提高.     

NAPL泄漏事故场地地下水污染风险快速评估与决策

根据环境事故应急管理的需求,结合事故污染场地的特点,研究提出了非水相液体(NAPL)泄漏事故场地地下水污染风险的快速评估方法.该方法由3个连续的阶段组成:第1阶段为事故与场地调查,采用场地调查的方法获取事故与污染物信息及场地水文地质参数;第2阶段为计算和评价,以NAPL泄露污染场地为例,采用简单的数学模型判断事故对地下水影响的紧迫程度,以及对下游敏感点的影响;第3阶段为分析与决策,综合分析前两阶段的结果,制定场地应急控制措施.通过案例应用展示了该方法在事故污染场地地下水应急管理中的应用.     

Estimation of primary drainage three-phase relative permeability for organic liquid transport in the vadose zone

The modeling of transport of organic liquid contaminants through the vadose zone often requires three-phase relative permeabilities. Since these are difficult to measure, predictive models are usually used. The objective of this study is to assess the ability of eight common models to predict the drainage relative permeability to oil in a three-phase system (water-oil-air). A comparison of the models' estimates using data set from Oak [Oak, M.J., 1990. Three-phase relative permeability of water-wet Berea. In: Seventh Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Paper SPE/Doe 20183. Tulsa, OK, April 22-25] showed that they provide very different predictions for the same system. The goodness of the models does not increase with the amount of data or computation that the models require. Also, the calculations showed how different interpretations of the models and of the terminology associated with them can significantly impact the predictions. Thus, considerable error may be introduced into the simulations of organic liquid transport in the vadose zone depending on the selection and interpretation of the three-phase relative permeability model.