典型河口主要氮转化过程对盐度响应机制的室内外实验研究

受全球盐水入侵加剧影响,河口区域水环境安全面临巨大的威胁.通过室内水槽控制实验和室外原位微生物培育实验,分别研究盐度作用的不同时间尺度下,不同形态氮（NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和溶解性N₂O）转化及转化过程硝化、反硝化和硝酸异化还原氨（DNRA）功能基因的响应机制.结果表明：①室内实验的NH₄⁺和溶解性N₂O浓度与盐度呈正相关,NO₃^-浓度随盐度上升而降低;室外原位实验的涨潮期,去菌处理组的NH₄⁺和NO₃^-浓度随盐度上升反而下降,溶解性N₂O浓度则随盐度上升呈上升趋势;未去菌处理组和原位对照组的NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和溶解性N₂O浓度均与 盐度呈负相关.②室内外实验表明,盐度在21.6以下时,硝化反应、反硝化反应和DNRA反应均得到增强,高盐度条件下（盐度为34.0）硝化反应抑制作用明显.盐度长期作用下主导功能基因为nxrA、nirK、nirS和nrfA,而短期的主导功能基因为amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、nirK、nirS和nrfA.本研究通过对水体不同组分氮浓度-功能基因对盐度不同作用时间尺度的响应研究,为河口区域盐水入侵和氮源汇转化机制研究提供技术支撑.     

粤港澳大湾区旅游竞争力与城市化的耦合协调度及其对地方经济的影响

研究旅游竞争力与城市化的耦合协调效应对地方经济的影响具有重要意义。以粤港澳大湾区为例,利用2007—2019年的时间序列数据,构建旅游竞争力—城市化的耦合协调度评价模型,通过固定效应模型检验耦合协调度与地方经济之间的因果关系,最后利用VAR模型作进一步分析。研究发现：（1）粤港澳大湾区旅游竞争力和城市化的耦合协调度在波动中上升,不同地区波动时点和波幅存在差异;（2）地方经济增长和耦合协调度间呈现正相关,在时间序列上存在长期稳定关系;（3）广州、东莞、江门和澳门的耦合协调度对地方经济产生显著的冲击效应与方差贡献,其中广州和澳门的响应积极迅速,东莞存在滞后性,江门波动较大。研究结果对建成“宜居宜业宜游”湾区具有一定参考价值。     

厌氧/微好氧与A/(O/A)n运行时间配比对SNDPR的影响

在SBR反应器中采用厌氧/微好氧与A/（O/A）_n交替运行模式,考察运行过程中污染物的去除效果、颗粒污泥特性及EPS分泌情况等,探讨厌氧/微好氧与A/（O/A）_n的运行时间配比对短程硝化反硝化除磷（SNDPR）系统的影响.结果表明,在厌氧/微好氧与A/（O/A）_n交替运行方式下,整个运行期间对COD的平均去除率始终保持在90%以上.当厌氧/微好氧与A/（O/A）_n运行时间配比为1：1时,系统内的脱氮除磷性能均有所提高,TP和TN的平均去除率分别达到了95.87%和92.00%,颗粒污泥的结构更为密实,EPS含量达到了92.60mg/gVSS,PN/PS维持在较高水平,而运行时间配比为1：3和3：1时颗粒的稳定性均略有降低.系统内以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌占比达到了57.76%,比氨氧化速率（以N/VSS计）达到了4.57mg/（g·h）,表明厌氧/微好氧与A/（O/A） n运行时间配比为1：1时提高了功能菌的活性,有利于维持良好的短程硝化反硝化除磷性能.     

Investigations on explosion characteristics of ethyl acetate

In this study, the confined explosion characteristics of ethyl acetate were investigated in a constant volume explosion vessel using the initial pressure of 1–4 bar, the initial temperature of 358–418 K, and the equivalence ratio of 0.8–1.4. It was revealed that the peak explosion pressure and the maximum pressure rise rate of ethyl acetate increased as the initial pressure increased and the initial temperature decreased. The peak explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate were obtained at the equivalence ratio of 1.2 due to increased heat release rate. Furthermore, the explosion time decreased as the initial pressure decreased. In summation, EA experimental and theoretical deflagration index were investigated and compared. The experimental deflagration index showed that EA explosion was less dangerous, whereas the theoretical deflagration predicted that the explosion could be more hazardous.     

Analysis of herbicide residues by gas chromatography

The extraction and clean‐up, and gas Chromatographic conditions for the detection and determination of herbicides, their metabolites and related compounds are reviewed. The literature material is examined critically in the text and presented in tabular form for quick reference. The section dealing with extraction/clean‐up techniques is sub‐divided with respect to water, soil, plant material, animal, fish and micro‐organisms. Under eight herbicide group headings the important gas Chromatographic parameters such as stationary phase, support phase, column temperature and mode of detection are tabulated. Also tabulated are the application of various detectors to herbicide analyses and limits of detection where information was available. Most commonly used liquid and support phases are listed and their frequency of use given. Different aspects of derivative formation used for the positive identification and quantitation of herbicides are discussed with emphasis on esterification, alkylation and silylation. Other important conversion techniques are outlined, particularly those associated with enhancement of sensitivity e.g. bromination, iodination, dinitrophenylation etc. Efforts that have been made towards general and automated analytical methods are discussed.     

Predicting the time needed for environmental systematic reviews and systematic maps

Systematic reviews (SRs) and systematic mapping aim to maximize transparency and comprehensiveness while minimizing subjectivity and bias. These are time-consuming and complex tasks, so SRs are considered resource intensive, but published estimates of systematic-review resource requirements are largely anecdotal. We analyzed all Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) SRs (n = 66) and maps (n = 20) published from 2012 to 2017 to estimate the average number of articles retained at each review stage. We also surveyed 33 experienced systematic reviewers to collate information on the rate at which those stages could be completed. In combination, these data showed that the average CEE SR takes an estimated 164 d (full-time equivalent) (SD 23), and the average CEE systematic map (SM) (excluding critical appraisal) takes 211 d (SD 53). While screening titles and abstracts is widely considered time-consuming, metadata extraction and critical appraisal took as long or longer to complete, especially for SMs. Given information about the planned methods and evidence base, we created a software tool that predicts time requirements of a SR or map with evidence-based defaults as a starting point. Our results shed light on the most time-consuming stages of the SR and mapping processes, will inform review planning, and can direct innovation to streamline processes. Future predictions of effort required to complete SRs and maps could be improved if authors provide more details on methods and results.     

中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及影响因素分析

城市建成区绿地建设有利于改善城市环境,提高人居适宜度,优化城市生态系统服务功能。基于2002—2018年建成区绿化覆盖率及影响因子数据分析了中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及其主要影响因素,结果表明,(1)中国建成区绿化覆盖率在2018年达到了41.11%,相比2002年增加了11.36%,2018年绿化覆盖率达到了35.0%以上的城市占全国城市的93.55%。(2)中国建成区绿化覆盖率存在明显的区域差异。按照华北、东北、华东、中南、西南和西北六个地区划分中国城市区域,华东地区的城市建成区绿化覆盖率最高,中南地区次之,其余四个地区为华北地区>东北地区>西北地区>西南地区;各地区建成区绿化覆盖率随时间发生显著变化(P<0.05),华北地区绿化覆盖率发生显著变化的城市占比最高达94.60%,中南地区最低为65.88%。(3)建成区绿化覆盖率与城市化指标(地区生产总值GDP、地区人均生产总值PGDP、绿化投入LP、建成区面积BUA、城区面积百分比UAP、建成区面积百分比BUAP、总人口TP、城市人口密度UPD、城区人口UP、建成区人口BUP、城区人口百分比UPP、建成区人口百分比BUPP)和气候因子(年平均温度YT、年平均湿度YH和年降雨量YW)均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其中PGDP、LI、BUAP、UAP、UPD、BUPP和YT、YW、YH是影响建成区绿化覆盖率的最主要因子。本研究结果可为中国未来城市绿地建设均衡发展提供重要的理论参考依据。     

北京地区近300年降水变化的小波分析

利用北京地区1724-2009年降水资料,首先做了趋势分析和突变检验,之后采用Morlet小波函数,对该地区近300 a来降水的年际变化时间序列进行了小波分析,揭示了该区降水变化的多时间尺度的周期性变化规律,并根据主周期对未来降水变化进行了预测。结果表明,北京地区年降水量有缓慢增大的趋势,但并不显著。1744、1809、1894和1996年为该系列降雨量减少突变点,1777、1870和1948年为降雨量增多突变点。同时北京地区年降水量在其计算时域内各时间尺度分布不均匀,具有明显的局部化特征;年降水存在85~95 a左右时间尺度的周期特征;其次,35~40 a和20~25 a左右时间尺度的周期特征也较明显。降水量在不同时间尺度下偏多、偏少交替变化也各不相同。此外,分析结果显示该地区年降水量具有21 a、35 a和85 a左右的主周期,其中85 a周期为第一主周期;根据年降水的主周期推测,北京地区整个时间序列上的年降水量呈现出偏少-偏多-偏少-偏多-偏少-偏多-偏少的循环交替特征,根据其周期特征,可以推测2009年到2030年左右将一直处于少降水期。     

城市污水混合垃圾渗滤液脱氮试验研究

采用倒置A2/O工艺处理垃圾渗滤液与城市污水混合后的污水脱氮。正交试验得到,水力停留时间是影响混合污水脱氮和有机物去除的控制因素;理论最优运行参数是HRT为9 h、ρ(DO)为2 mg/L、R为80%、r为200%,该工况下COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为77.4%、97.2%和62.4%,出水浓度可稳定地达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。     

Sensitivity of plant-pollinator-herbivore communities to changes in phenology

For many species in seasonal environments, warmer springs associated with anthropogenic climate change are causing phenological changes. Within ecological communities, the timing of interactions among species may be altered if the species experience asymmetrical phenological shifts. We present a model that examines the consequences of changes in the relative timing of herbivory and pollination in a community of herbivores and pollinators that share a host plant. Our model suggests that phenological shifts can alter the abundances of these species and, in some cases, their population dynamics. If historical patterns of interactions in a community change and herbivores become active before pollinators, the community could see a reduction in pollinators and an increase in herbivores, while if pollinators become active before herbivores, there could be a loss of stable coexistence. Previous studies have warned of the potential for climate change to cause large phenological mismatches whereby species that depend on one another become so separated in time that they can no longer interact. Our results suggest that climate change-induced phenological shifts can have a major impact on communities even in cases where complete phenological mismatches do not occur.