磁性水滑石双金属催化剂吸附-催化氢还原去除水中高氯酸盐的研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备磁性钯钴水滑石催化剂(M-Pd/Co@CHT),用于吸附催化还原去除水中的高氯酸盐.同时,研究了不同溶液pH值、催化剂投加量、温度、共存离子和氢气流量等因素的影响,考察了吸附动力学和等温吸附过程.最后对反应前后材料进行表征,以明确吸附催化氢还原反应机理.结果 表明:在较宽的pH范围(5～10)内,M...     

燃煤电厂颗粒物中硫酸根与硝酸根离子的转化规律

燃煤电厂排放的颗粒物可以分为可凝结颗粒物（condensable particle matter,CPM）和可过滤颗粒物（filterable particle matter,FPM）.通过分析7个超低排燃煤电厂的湿法脱硫（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）进出口和湿电除尘（wet electrostatic precipitator,WESP）出口烟气中CPM和FPM的SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度,揭示了这2种典型水溶性离子在烟道内的变化规律与转化特征.结果表明在WFGD前后,CPM中的SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈降低趋势,其降低率范围分别为43.12%~86.84%和17.99%~91.58%,而FPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈增大趋势.在WESP前后,CPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈增大趋势,增长率范围分别为21.05%~424.65%和13.51%~298.37%,而FPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈减小趋势.在WFGD中,随着烟气温度降低和湿度增加,部分CPM会通过冷凝和团聚作用进一步转化为FPM;在WESP中,由于烟气一直处于低温、高湿的条件,烟气中存在的SO₂与NO₂会结合水蒸气发生氧化还原反应,进而经过协同作用促进CPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的生成.     

Enhanced bio-decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by Sphingomonas xenophaga with nutrient amendment

Bacterial decolorization of anthraquinone dye intermediates is a slow process under aerobic conditions. To speed up the process, in the present study, effects of various nutrients on 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ABAS) decolorization by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that peptone, yeast extract and casamino acid amendments promoted ABAS bio-decolorization. In particular, the addition of peptone and casamino acids could improve the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Further experiments showed that L-proline had a more significant accelerating effect on ABAS decolorization compared with other amino acids. L-Proline not only supported cell growth, but also significantly increased the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Membrane proteins of strain QYY exhibited ABAS decolorization activities in the presence of L-proline or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while this behavior was not observed in the presence of other amino acids. Moreover, the positive correlation between L-proline concentration and the decolorization activity of membrane proteins was observed, indicating that L-proline plays an important role in ABAS decolorization. The above findings provide us not only a novel insight into bacterial ABAS decolorization, but also an L-proline-supplemented bioaugmentation strategy for enhancing ABAS bio-decolorization.     

耕作制度对川中丘陵区冬灌田CH4和N2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法连续2 a田间原位测定,研究川中丘陵区冬灌田CH₄和N₂O的排放特征和不同耕作制度对冬灌田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,1a只种1季中稻冬季灌水休闲的冬灌田(PF),在水稻生长期,CH₄平均排放通量为(21.44±1.77)mg·(m²·h)^-1,非水稻生长期为(3.77±0.99)mg·(m²·h)^-1,分别大大低于以前文献报道的在西南其它地方观测值;全年CH₄排放量以水稻生长期CH₄排放量为主,非水稻生长期CH₄排放量仅占全年总排放量的23.2%.冬灌田N₂O排放通量年均值为(0.051±0.008)mg·(m²·h)^-1,且主要集中在水稻生长季,非水稻生长期N₂O排放量仅占全年总排放量的8.1%.在采用水旱轮作制后,冬灌田CH₄排放量大大降低,稻-麦轮作(RW)和稻-油菜轮作(RR)全年CH₄排放量分别为PF的43.8%和40.6%.但冬灌田改为水旱轮作制后,N₂O排放量显著增大,RW和RR的N₂O年排放量分别是PF的3.7倍和4.5倍.综合考虑冬灌田在采用不同耕作制度后排放CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP),无论是短时间尺度还是长时间尺度,采用3种耕作制度全年所排放的CH₄和N₂O所产生的综合GWP都为:PF RW≈RR.在20a、100a和500a时间尺度上,PF分别约是RW和RR的2.6、2.1和1.7倍.冬灌田改为水旱轮作制度后能大大减少CH₄和N₂O所产生的综合GWP.     

无排泥运行MBR处理不同浓度氨氮废水及其生物特性

考察了水力停留时间(HRT)为10 h时无排泥运行下膜-生物反应器(MBR)处理不同浓度氨氮无机废水的运行性能及微生物特性.结果表明,在处理NH₄⁺-N≤500 mg/L的废水时,氨氮转化率可达99%且反应器内微生物增长缓慢,比硝化速率从0.2kg/(kg·d)升至0.52 kg/(kg·d);当NH₄⁺-N≥700 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮和氨氮相继出现明显累积,比硝化速率随之下降至0.4kg/(kg·d)以下,反应器内生物量从3 200 mg/L上升至6 700 mg/L.反应器中的氨氧化菌维持在10⁷CFU/mL,亚硝酸盐氧化菌从10⁶CFU/mL下降至10³CFU/mL.系统内的溶解性微生物产物(以TOC表示)升至65 mg/L后保持稳定,出水TOC一直维持在3～4mg/L;细胞外分泌物(EPS)在膜的截流作用下随运行时间的延长积累至600 mg/L.     

DBD结构对船用LNG发动机尾气CH4氧化脱除的影响

为提高等离子体氧化CH₄的脱除效率,同时避免放电过程中副产物NO_x的生成,在模拟天然气 (LNG) 发动机排气中,研究了介质阻挡放电 (DBD) 反应器电极结构参数对CH₄脱除效率、CO₂选择性及NO_x生成的影响及其机理。结果表明：增大电极直径使得气隙中折合场强E/N提高,增加了·O和·OH自由基的生成,促进了CH₄的氧化,提高了CO₂选择性;内电极直径的增大使E/N在气隙中分布更加集中,抑制了N₂(X, v)和N自由基的生成,减少了副反应的发生。与圆杆电极相比,螺纹电极的螺牙顶部附近具有过高的电场强度,从而促进N自由基的生成并抑制·O自由基的产生,故圆杆电极比螺纹电极具有更高的CH₄脱除效率及更低的NO_x生成。电极长度过长降低了折合场强以及电子平均能量,不利于氧化性活性粒子生成,导致CH₄脱除效率和CO₂选择性降低,同时增加了N₂(X,v) ,也使得NO_x增加。本研究可为提高低温等离子体协同催化剂促进甲烷还原NO_x系统的脱除效率,降低DBD反应器能耗提高能源利用率提供参考。     

Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the presence of primary substrate by immobilized pure culture bacteria

In this study, pure strains that are capable of utilizing 2,4,6-trichlorophenol have been isolated from the mixed culture grown on substrates containing chlorophenolic compounds. Studies have been carried out on the capability of these isolated pure strains in suspended and immobilized forms to decompose 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Additionally, the influence of primary substrates (e.g., phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol) on the decomposition of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by the isolated pure strains grown in immobilized form is also investigated. The results are: Through bacterial isolation and identification, three pure strains have been obtained: Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 and Agrobacterium spp. Whether in suspended or immobilized forms, all strains have poor removal efficiencies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. However, addition of 200 mg/l phenol will enable the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 01, and Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 to achieve 65% and 48% removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. Addition of phenol will assist the immobilized Pseudomonas spp. strain 02 in achieving removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol but the removal efficiency is not good if the phenol concentration is too low. The optimum phenol concentration should be between 200 and 400 mg/l.     

4A沸石去除水中Pb2＋的研究

在静态条件下,研究了4A沸石对废水中Pb2＋的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素。实验表明：当温度为30℃,废水pH为5～6,0．01g4A沸石对100mg／LPb2＋溶液10mL吸附20min,Pb2＋的去除率可达到99％以上。在实验研究条件下,4A沸石对Pb2＋的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,相关系数为0．9819和0．9998。经计算,4A沸石对Pb2＋的饱和吸附量为125mg／g。4A沸石吸附水中Pb2＋达到吸附平衡的时间较短;溶液pH值的变化对吸附效果影响不显著;温度从室温略微升高,Pb2＋的去除率略有增大。吸附在4A沸石上的Pb“可回收利用,处理后的4A沸石可以再生,且重复使用性能较好。     

可见光响应型CuO/BiVO4的光催化活性研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/BiVO4光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重/差示扫描量热(TG/DSC)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对其进行了表征,并在可见光照射下考察了其光催化氧化亚甲基蓝(MB)的动力学特性。结果表明,Cu的掺杂并未改变BiVO4的晶型结构;Cu(NO3)2/BiVO4在热处理(30～300℃)过程中,NO3-已经完全分解,Cu最终以CuO的形式存在于CuO/BiVO4光催化剂体系中;掺杂不同量Cu的CuO/BiVO4中的Cu2+/Bi+(摩尔比)实测值与理论值相近,该系列光催化剂的合成过程具有较高的可信度;在可见光照射下,CuO/BiVO4光催化降解MB反应符合表观一级反应动力学特征;当Cu2+/Bi+为0.050时,反应动力学速率常数(k)达到最高值(0.4334h-1),此时的k比单体BiVO4作用下的提高了1.04倍;由于异质结的存在,CuO/BiVO4与单体BiVO4相比,电子和空穴的利用率大大增加,使得CuO/BiVO4的光催化活性较单体BiVO4有了大幅度提高。     

乳酸和复合脂肪酸抑制奶牛对环境污染的效果分析

将20头荷斯坦产奶奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,对照组饲喂全混日粮(TMR),试验Ⅰ组每头奶牛每天饲喂TMR加150.0 g复合脂肪酸,试验Ⅱ组每头奶牛每天饲喂TMR加150.0 g乳酸,试验Ⅲ组每头奶牛每天饲喂TMR加150.0 g复合脂肪酸/乳酸(质量比为1∶1),分析探讨了复合脂肪酸和乳酸对奶牛粪尿、氮、总磷排泄量和CH4释放量的影响.结果表明,相比对照组,试验Ⅲ组1头奶牛1年CH4释放量减少30.64 kg,粪尿、氮、总磷排泄量分别减少1.43 t、28.32 kg和2.36 kg,标准乳(FCM)提高3.28%.在奶牛饲料中添加乳酸和复合脂肪酸的混合酸,能有效抑制奶牛对土壤、水体及空气的污染,显著提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益.