CH4 emission and conversion from A2O and SBR processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment systems are important anthropogenic sources of CH4emission. A full-scale experiment was carried out to monitor the CH4 emission from anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process(A2O) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) for one year from May 2011 to April 2012. The main emission unit of the A2O process was an oxic tank, accounting for 76.2% of CH4emissions; the main emission unit of the SBR process was the feeding and aeration phase, accounting for 99.5% of CH4emissions. CH4can be produced in the anaerobic condition, such as in the primary settling tank and anaerobic tank of the A2O process. While CH4can be consumed in anoxic denitrification or the aeration condition, such as in the anoxic tank and oxic tank of the A2O process and the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4emission flux and the dissolved CH4concentration rapidly decreased in the oxic tank of the A2O process. These metrics increased during the first half of the phase and then decreased during the latter half of the phase in the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4oxidation rate ranged from 32.47% to 89.52%(mean: 67.96%) in the A2O process and from 12.65% to 88.31%(mean: 47.62%) in the SBR process. The mean CH4 emission factors were 0.182 g/ton of wastewater and 24.75 g CH4 /(person·year) for the A2O process, and 0.457 g/ton of wastewater and 36.55 g CH4 /(person·year) for the SBR process.     

用过硫酸钠消解测定水中总磷的方法研究

测定水中总磷,通常采取过硫酸钾消解,使水样中所含磷全部氧化成正磷酸盐,用钼酸铵分光光度法进行测定.但是在实际工作过程中发现,过硫酸钾的溶解度较低,配制时间较长,并且在温度偏低时易析出过硫酸钾晶体,对实验的过程和结果产生一定的影响;而过硫酸钠易溶于水,配制容易,温度的变化对溶液浓度影响不大.研究用过硫酸钠代替过硫酸钾消解测定地表水中总磷的方法,并从校准曲线、样品测定、加标回收等几方面对两种方法进行了比较分析.     

水体富营养化综合水质模型及其应用研究

针对水体富营养化问题，探讨了一种多参数水体富营养化的水质生态模型（ＷＡＳＰ４）。在阐述其原理和计算方法的基础上结合汉江武汉段１９９２年性水华事件的实例进行水质模型，其特点是，不仅能够较好地模拟浮游植物的变化过程。而且能够提供发生水华问题的原因和生态机理的解释。     

低温下A2/O-BAF反硝化除磷脱氮特性

在11~14℃低温下,采用A~2/O-BAF系统处理低C/N生活污水,研究了污染物去除特性、反硝化除磷过程中除磷脱氮比例(ΔPO_4~(3-)/ΔNO_3~--N)以及BAF中曝气量和有效填料高度对硝化反应的影响.结果表明,在COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和PO_4~(3-)的平均进水浓度分别为193.1、58.6、60.3和5.1 mg·L~(-1)时,平均出水浓度分别为46.3、2.5、13.4和0.3 mg·L~(-1),达到国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级A标准.对ΔPO_4~(3-)/ΔNO_3~--N进行线性拟合,比值分布在0.47~1.75之间;运用正态分布对ΔPO_4~(3-)/ΔNO_3~--N进行数理统计,其均值为1.20,标准差0.29.BAF中曝气量为60 L·h~(-1)和100 L·h~(-1),出水NH_4~+-N浓度小于5.0 mg·L~(-1)时所需填料高度分别为1.8 m和1.0 m;继续增大BAF中曝气量为120 L·h~(-1)时,气水流冲击导致生物膜脱落,造成出水NH_4~+-N大于5.0 mg·L~(-1).     

沼泽湿地CO2、CH4、N2O排放对氮输入的响应

利用静态暗箱-气象色谱法，选取小叶章沼泽化草甸进行野外原位试验，研究氮输入对沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O等3种温室气体排放的影响,结果表明：氮输入对沼泽湿地CO2和CH4排放有明显影响，其季节排放总量分别是对照处理的1.3和2.5倍，但对CO2和CH4的季节变化模式无明显影响；氮输入对N2O的排放强度和季节变化模式均有显著影响,CO2排放通量与5cm深土壤温度存在显著的正相关关系，与地表温度和1.5m气温存在指数关系，而CH4和N2O排放与温度之间没有显著的相关性．在20、100和500年时间尺度上氮输入处理的CH4和N2O全球增温潜势（GWP）分别比对照处理增加了150％、150％和80％，表明氮输入在长、短时间尺度上都是增强CH4和N2O的温室效应的。     

自组装纳米ZnO光催化二甲基亚砜废水实验研究

可生化性很差的二甲基亚砜废水严重危害了环境和人们的健康,目前寻求一种高效降解该种废水的材料尤为重要。利用自组装技术制备纳米ZnO材料是近年来研究的热点。实验由此入手,以NH2/SiO2为基底,采用分子自组装法在常温下制备出了ZnO/NH2/SiO2光催化材料,并利用此材料与传统sol-gel法制备的纳米ZnO材料在紫外灯照及有无通入空气条件下,对二甲基亚砜废水的降解效果进行了对比研究。结果表明,未通入空气条件下,自组装法制备的ZnO和sol-gel法制备的ZnO对废水的降解率分别为63.8%和34.7%;通入空气条件下,自组装法制备的ZnO和sol-gel法制备的ZnO对废水的降解率分别为70.9%和57.9%。结果表明,自组装技术制备的纳米ZnO在通入空气条件下降解难生化的二甲基亚砜废水效果是最好的。     

模拟氮沉降对闽江口淡水感潮沼泽湿地CO2、CH4排放通量的短期影响

为了评价氮沉降对我国亚热带河口区淡水感潮沼泽湿地CO_2、CH_4排放通量的影响,在福建闽江口道庆洲淡水感潮短叶茳芏沼泽湿地,设置对照CK[0 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]及3个梯度的氮沉降处理:N1[24 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、N2[48 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和N3[96 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定短叶茳芏湿地CO_2、CH_4排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,(1)与对照相比,N1处理CO_2排放通量增加20.30%,N2处理CO_2排放通量减少10.05%,N3处理CO_2排放通量增加4.06%,除了12月的N2、N3处理CO_2排放通量与对照间有显著差异外(P0.05),其它时间各处理间CO_2排放通量差异性不显著(P0.05).(2)与对照相比,N1处理CH_4排放通量提高64.51%,N2处理CH_4排放通量提高30.23%,N3处理CH_4排放通量提高80.57%,但是各处理间CH_4排放通量的差异性未达到显著水平(P0.05).(3)CO_2、CH_4排放通量与土壤温度具有显著的正线性相关关系(P0.05),与土壤EC、土壤p H的相关性不显著(P0.05).     

土壤硒的生物有效性研究

对黑麦幼苗的试验表明,黑麦幼苗中的总硒(Se)浓度与总干重的乘积与0.1mol/L KH2PO4浸提态Se呈显著相关.对黑油菜的试验表明,在酸性土壤上,当Se(Ⅵ)的量≥0.5mg/kg时,可显著减少黑油菜的产量;而当Se(Ⅳ)的量达到2.0mg/kg时对产量影响不大;黑油菜吸收Se(Ⅵ)的量要大于吸收Se(Ⅳ)的量.通过田间采样分析表明,KH2PO4浸提态Se能反映土壤对植物的供Se状况,推荐用0.1mol/L KH2PO4溶液作为酸性土壤生物有效性Se的浸提溶液.影响土壤Se生物有效性的主要因子是CaCO3,其次是粉粒、有机质、黏粒含量.pH值可通过CaCO3对KH2PO4浸提态Se产生影响.     

纳米铁锰氧化物对钒的吸附特性研究

为寻求处理土壤和地下水钒污染的吸附剂,采用模拟实验,开展了纳米铁锰氧化物(MnFe_2O_4)对五价钒(V~(5+))的吸附特征研究,分析了纳米铁锰氧化物浓度、pH值、时间、温度和初始钒浓度等因素对MnFe_2O_4吸附V~(5+)的影响,以揭示纳米铁锰氧化物的吸附动力学及热力学等特征,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)等表征方法分析了纳米铁锰氧化物吸附V~(5+)的机理.结果表明,在初始钒溶液为100 mg·L~(-1),MnFe_2O_4加入量为0.1 g,pH=4,温度为25℃的条件下,吸附过程在24 h达到平衡,且此条件下有最大吸附值和吸附率,分别为15.14 mg·g~(-1)和60.54%.纳米铁锰氧化物吸附钒的动力学过程符合伪二级动力学模型,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型.热力学研究表明,升高温度有利于吸附,吸附过程为吸热过程.由扫描电镜结果可知,纳米铁锰氧化物有较大的比表面积,可提供较多的活性位点.因此,纳米铁锰氧化物可作为一种吸附材料用于钒污染废水处理.     

Synthesis of carbon-coated magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@C) and its application for sulfonamide antibiotics removal from water

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concerns regarding their potential threat to human health and aquatic ecosystem. A new magnetic nanocomposite, Fe304@C （Fe304 coated with carbon）, was synthesized, characterized, and then applied to remove five commonly-used sulfonamides （SAs） from water. Due to its combinational merits of the outer functionalized carbon shell and the inner magnetite core, Fe3O4@C exhibited a high adsorption affinity for selected SAs and a fast magnetic separability. The adsorption kinetics of SAs on Fe304 @ C could be expressed by the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption isotherms were fitted well with the Dual-mode model, revealing that the adsorption process consisted of an initial partitioning stage and a subsequent hole-filling stage. Solution pH exerted a strong impact on the adsorption process with the maximum removal efficiencies （74% to 96%） obtained at pH 4.8 for all selected SAs. Electrostatic force and hydrogen bonding were two major driving forces for adsorption, and electron-donor-acceptor interactions may also make a certain contribution. Because the synthesized Fe304@C showed comprehensive advantages of high adsorptivity, fast magnetic separability, and prominent reusability, it has potential applications in water treatment.