Urea hydrolysis and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorous as MAP from stale human urine

Laboratory-scale tests for magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP)precipitation following urea hydrolysis of human urine were conducted using orthogonal experiment design.The effects of initial pH,temperature and the volumetric ratios of stale urine to fresh urine,on urea hydrolysis in urine were studied to determine the final hydrolysis time to recover most nitrogen from separated human urine by MAP.With a volumetric ratio of stale to fresh urine>10% and at temperature≥20℃,urea hydrolysis could be completed i...     

Nitrous oxide fluxes from upland soils in central Hokkaido, Japan

Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soils were measured using the closed chamber method during the snow-free seasons (middle April to early November),for three years,in a total of 11 upland crop fields in central Hokkaido,Japan.The annual mean N2O fluxes ranged from 2.95 to 164.17 μgN/(m2·h),with the lowest observed in a grassland and the highest in an onion field.The instantaneous N2O fluxes showed a large temporal variation with peak emissions generally occurring following fertilization and heavy rainfall eve...     

Spatial and temporal variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system

Nitrogen (N) transfer from leguminous trees can be a major N source for the associated crop in low-input agroforestry systems. The aim of this study was to identify the main climatic and soil factors controlling N transfer from the leguminous tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp to the associated grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb, in a 16-year-old tropical agroforestry system. Nitrogen transfer was estimated using the natural ¹⁵N abundance method. Before tree pruning, total N transfer represented 57% of the N uptake of the grass, including 31% coming from N₂ fixation. The spatial variation induced by the tree was well described by soil organic N content (ON). In this system, ON is an index of soil available N as well as of tree root density. Rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ETP) were the main climatic factors controlling N transfer. Multiple regression analysis indicated that R, ETP and ON explained 79% of the temporal and spatial variation of N transfer. Transferred N cannot be estimated after pruning because of the change in the isotopic signature of the soil N source. This was related to N release from root turnover. The results suggest that grass showed a preferential uptake of N coming from the tree, which could be due to a lower energy cost compared to obtaining absorbed N from the clayey soil used in this work.     

亚热带土壤反硝化过程中NO3--N对CH4排放的影响

研究了发育于不同成土母质和不同土地利用方式下的45个亚热带土壤样本,在反硝化严格厌氧培养条件下(密闭、淹水、充N2),加入KNO3的处理(加入N量为200 mg·kg-1)和不加KNO3的空白对照对CH4产生和排放的影响.结果表明,厌氧培养条件下无论加入KNO3与否,CH4的产生和排放首先取决于土壤有机碳总量水平及其有效性.对照土壤中花岗岩母质发育的土壤和KNO3处理土壤中稻田利用方式下的土壤CH4排放量最高.加入KNO3显著抑制了CH4的产生和排放,NO3--N对CH4,产生的抑制效应可能较N2O对CH4产生的抑制效应更大.加入KNO3处理中厌氧培养第1周内的NO3-反硝化量和降低速率是决定CH4排放量的关键因素.不加KNO3的对照土壤中,73%的土样表现为Fe2+的产生和CH4的排放之间呈指数关系增长,表明Fe3和CO2的还原可同步进行.NO3--N不仅显著抑制了CH4的产生和排放,也抑制了Fe3+的还原.     

纺织品中有毒有害物质检测技术的研究现状

纺织品中有毒有害物质超标是纺织品顺利进出口的主要限制因素,而目前中国的检测技术在具体实施中仍存在许多问题。本文阐述了国内纺织品中主要的三类物质检测技术的发展现状,并针对常用检测方法提出一些建议。     

浅谈N-（1-萘基）-乙二胺二盐酸盐对苯胺类测定的影响

实验就N-（1-萘基）-乙二胺二盐酸盐对苯胺类测定的影响进行探讨,结果表明,测定低浓度苯胺类样品时,N-（1-萘基）-乙二胺二盐酸盐的品质对测定产生重要影响,所以测定低浓度苯胺类样品时建议采用进口N-（1-萘基）-乙二胺二盐酸盐进行分析。     

FeSO_4还原混凝法处理奥里油电厂含钒废水

采用FeSO4还原混凝法处理湛江奥里油电厂含钒等重金属废水,在pH值为2～4的条件下,利用FeSO4还原处理并在碱性条件下絮凝沉降,出水钒浓度可降低至1 mg/L以下.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定洗涤制品中二噁烷

本文采用顶空-固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱联用技术测定了洗涤制品中二噁烷量,使用50μmPEG/树脂萃取头。顶空平衡温度为80℃,萃取时间为40min。使用石英毛细管柱:30m×0.32mm×0.4μmi.d.内壁涂有5%二苯基(95%)二甲基硅氧烷固定液。外标法定量,二噁烷测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为9.33%;在0.35μg/g～120μg/g范围,色谱峰面积与质量浓度之间呈良好线性关系,线性相关系数(R)为0.9998;回收率为98.7%～102%。     

A2N双污泥反硝化除磷系统微生物的先间歇后连续培养及快速启动

以实际生活污水为对象,研究了反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）的驯化培养以及A₂N双污泥反硝化除磷系统的快速启动.采用先独立培养反硝化聚磷菌和好氧硝化生物膜再连续运行的方式成功地快速启动了A₂N系统.采用污水处理厂除磷工艺中的活性污泥为种泥,在SBR系统中以先A/O（厌氧/好氧）后A/A（厌氧/缺氧）的方式运行,32 d成功地使反硝化聚磷菌成为优势菌属.在SBR反应器中,采用硝化效果较好的活性污泥为种泥,好氧硝化生物膜30 d挂膜成功,氨氮去除率稳定在99%以上.然后,A₂N系统连续运行,11 d后系统反硝化除磷效果进入稳定状态,出水氨氮和正磷酸盐浓度均为0,硝态氮为10.26 mg/L ,出水COD为19.56 mg/L ,COD、氨氮、总氮和磷去除率分别为91%、100%、77%和100%,说明A₂N系统具有很好的脱氮除磷效果,认为系统启动成功.     

甲烷13C同位素比值表征温度对甲烷生成途径的影响

采用测试气相碳同位素比值的方法比较了中温厌氧降解和高温厌氧降解过程中甲烷（CH₄）生成途径的差异,表征了生活垃圾厌氧消化过程CH₄生成途径的演变,并结合气液相化学组分和产甲烷菌荧光原位杂交（FISH）分析对同位素表征结果进行了验证.中温（35℃）条件下,垃圾降解初期甲烷¹³C同位素比值（δ¹³CH₄）下降至-69.5‰,表明此阶段CH₄主要产生自CO₂还原途径;随着垃圾降解进入快速产CH₄阶段,δ¹³CH₄值相应迅速上升至-23.8‰,说明乙酸发酵逐渐成为CH₄生成的主要途径,FISH实验结果也发现此阶段以乙酸发酵型产甲烷菌Methanosarcinaceae为主;当产CH₄速率逐渐减小进入稳定期时,δ¹³CH₄值迅速降低至-55‰后相对稳定,说明乙酸发酵途径的比例减小,并且维持在较稳定的水平.高温（55℃）条件下,δ¹³CH₄值始终维持在约-70‰,表明甲烷主要由CO₂还原作用生成,在快速产CH₄阶段,乙酸氧化和CO₂还原作用是CH₄生成的重要途径.