Optimum Nitrogen Use and Reduced Nitrogen Loss for Production of Rice and Wheat in the Yangtse Delta Region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice–wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice–wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225–270 kg N hm^–2 for rice and 180–225 kg N hm^–2 for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO ₃ ^– -N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm^–2, the concentration rose to 5.4–21.3 mgN l^–1 in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO ₃ ^– -N beyond the criterion (NO ₃ ^– -N 10 mg l^–1) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270–315 kg hm^–2, the NO ₃ ^– -N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l^–1. About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO ₃ ^– -N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

Kinetics and mechanism of nitrite oxidation by hypochlorous acid in the aqueous phase

The rate coefficient for the reaction of nitrite with hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid has been studied using spectrophotometric measurements. The reaction rate has been determined in a wide range of H(+) concentration (5< or =-log[H(+)]< or =11). The kinetics were carried out as a function of NO(2)(-), H(+) and total hypochlorite ([HOCl](total)=[HOCl]+[ClO(-)]+[ClNO(2)]) concentrations. The observed overall rate law is described by: -d[HClO](T)dt=[a[NO(2)(-)](2)+b[NO(2)(-)]][H(+)](2)c+d[H(+)]+e[NO(2)(-)][H(+)](2)[HOCl](total)At T=298 K and in Na(2)SO(4) at an ionic strength (I=1.00 M), we obtained using a nonlinear fitting procedure: a=(1.83+/-0.36)x10(7) s(-1), b=(1.14+/-0.23)x10(5) Ms(-1), c=(1.12+/-0.17)x10(-13) M, d=(1.43+/-0.29)x10(-6) M(2) and e=(1.41+/-0.28)x10(3) M where the errors represent 2sigma. According to the overall rate law, a/b=k(1)/k(3), b/e=k(3), c=K(w), d/c=K(a), d=K(a)K(w) and e=K(1)K(a). In Na(2)SO(4) at an ionic strength (I=1.00 M), the values of K(1) and K(a) are (1.1+/-0.1)x10(-4) and 1.28x10(7) M(-1), respectively. A mechanism is proposed for the NO(2)(-) oxidation which involves the reversible initial step: NO(2)(-)+HOCl left harpoon over right harpoon ClNO(2)+OH(-) (K(1)), while ClNO(2) undergoes the two parallel reactions: attack by NO(2)(-) (k(1)) and hydrolysis (k(3)). ClNO(2) and N(2)O(4) are proposed as important intermediates as they control the mechanism. The rate coefficients k(1) and k(3) have been determined at different ionic strengths in NaCl and Na(2)SO(4). The influence of the ionic strength and ionic environment has been studied in this work.     

叠氮化钠对亚硝酸根分解能力的探讨

分析了采用叠氮化钠修正法测定水中溶解氧时，对水中亚硝酸根含量与叠氮化钠加入量的关系。     

静风频率对昆明大气中SO_2、NO_x的周期性影响

昆明大环境中ＳＯ２ 和ＮＯｘ 的浓度变化具有明显的周期性（ 周期为１ 年） 和同步性， 冬季相对较高， 春、秋、夏季相对较低。这种变化主要受静风频率变化的影响， ＳＯ２ 和ＮＯｘ 与静风频率之间存在十分明显的正相关性。     

活性炭选择性催化还原(SCR)烟道气中NO_X

研 究了几 种已商业 化的 沥青 基活 性 炭纤 维经 硫 酸进 一 步活 化处 理 后， 对烟 道 气 中 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ 进行选择 性催化还 原。结果 表明，当 气体中氧 含量 约低 于１０ ％ 时，硫 酸 活化 处理 可 提高 沥青 基 活性炭纤维 对 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ 选择性催 化还原的 活性。在 本实验 条件 下，获 得 较高 的 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ 还 原 率的 重要 条 件是气体中 氧含量 大于１０ ％ 和较 低的温度 ；将气体 中 Ｎ Ｏ 预氧化为 Ｎ Ｏ２ 可 显著提高 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ 的还 原率；气体中水 分的存 在降低活 性炭纤维 的活性     

蜂窝状筛网催化剂上NH_3催化还原NO

 采用蜂窝状筛网载体担载V₂O_5-WO₃-TiO₂研究NH₃选择性催化还原气体中的氧化氮.在催化剂中加入2%的磷酸具有良好的黏结性能.2%(wt.)～4%(wt.)磷酸的加入有助于提高催化剂的催化活性.磷酸的添加量大于4%(wt.)时导致NO转化率降低.同时,磷酸的加入有助于抑制高温下氨氧化反应的发生.壳型法制备的催化剂较体型法具有更高的传质性能,但前者的稳定性和使用寿命不如后者.     

华能北京热电厂锅炉烟气中氮氧化物控制技术

叙述了锅炉烟气氮氧化物的产生过程和控制原理 ,以及华能北京热电厂锅炉烟气氮氧化物的控制设备和实际运行效果。表明 ,液态排渣锅炉可采用空气分级低氮燃烧方式来有效地控制烟气中的氮氧化物的排放浓度     

SO2对Ag/Al2O3催化剂上CH3OH还原NO性能的影响

用溶胶-凝胶混合法制备了Ag负载量为5%的Ag/A12O3催化剂.研究了富氧条件下,SO2对CH3OH在催化剂上还原NO性能的影响.结果表明,反应气不含SO2和H2O时,NO还原活性温度较低,有显著量N2O生成,这被归因为反应过程中,部分氧化态Ag被还原为金属Ag.添加SO2或同时添加SO2和H2O使催化剂活性显著增加,N2O形成受到抑制,而且活性峰值温度提高.XPS分析表明SO2作用后的催化剂表面形成了硫酸盐化合物.     

碱性品红紫外光度法测定水中亚硝酸盐氮

研究了碱性品红与亚硝酸根在硫酸 (或盐酸 )介质中的反应 ,建立了测定亚硝酸盐氮的新方法。方法的线性范围为 0～ 1 6 μg mL ,表观摩尔系数为 1 12× 10 4 L mol·cm。用于地表水、地下水的测定 ,结果与盐酸萘乙二胺比色法一致     

HRT对CO2-MBfR去除高SO42-废水中NO3--N的影响

针对含NO₃^--N与较高浓度SO₄^2-实际工业废水处理较难的问题,考察了不同水力停留时间（HRT）下连续运行的CO₂-氢基质膜生物膜反应器（CO₂-MBfR）处理模拟废水和实际工业废水的性能,结果表明,2种废水的出水NO₃^--N浓度均随着HRT的减小而增大,模拟废水中NO₃^--N的处理效果和电子通量分配比例均优于实际废水,但其电子通量分配的格局基本不变：NO₃^--N和SO₄^2-的电子通量分别在90.09%~97.49%和2.51%~9.91%左右.要实现实际废水总氮达到15mg/L的排放标准,需维持HRT不少于10.4h.