NaCl,Na2CO3胁迫下星星草根际K^＋,Na^＋,Ca^2＋的生理行为

对星星草施加25～600mmol·L－1NaCl及12．5～200mmol·L－1Na2CO3的盐胁迫处理，分析其根际K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋的生理行为．结果表明：Na2CO3对培养液中K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋活度的影响大于NaCl，其中Na2CO3使Ca2＋活度极度下降；营养液中K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋活度与星星草根中K＋、Na＋含量密切相关，其中，根中K＋、Na＋含量与营养液中Ca2＋活度和Na＋活度平方之比即（Ca2＋）／（Na＋）2之间具有一致的曲线关系，根系环境中的（Ca2＋）／（Na＋）2对植物K＋、Na＋吸收有决定性作用．星星草地上部分K＋、Na＋含量与其根中K＋、Na＋含量也相关．根（DW）中K＋在0．38～0．52mmol·g－1间可维持地上部分K＋含量基本稳定．根中Na＋含量较低时，地上部分Na＋含量随根中含量升高而平缓上升．但根中Na＋高至一定值时，地上部分Na＋转而急剧上升，提示星星草在由根向上转运K＋、Na＋的过程中有一定调控作用．     

SO2污染对农业害虫的间接影响

用开顶式熏气罩研究了SO2污染对粘虫、黄地老虎、小菜蛾、桃蚜、萝卜蚜和豆蚜等农业害虫的影响．结果表明，适度SO2污染显著地促进了这些昆虫的生长和／或繁殖，但高浓度SO2污染对它们有明显的不良影响，这种作用是通过食料植物间接发生的．这些昆虫对适度SO2污染的反应因种类而异：3种鳞翅目昆虫表现为幼虫的平均相对生长速率（MRGR）明显加快，成虫繁殖力变化不大；3种蚜虫主要表现为成蚜的繁殖力大幅度提高．若蚜（除豆蚜外）的MRGR也显著增加．对被处理食料植物营养成分的分析表明，SO2污染诱导的蛋氨酸相对含量变化可能是它产生这些间接影响的重要原因．     

IFC化肥增效剂对盆栽小白菜的生物效应和环境效应

IFC化肥增效剂在盆栽小白菜上的应用试验表明:与单独施用碳铵处理相比,施用碳铵 IFC化肥增效剂可使小白菜鲜重增加8.97%(P＜0.01),干重增加3.45%(P＜0.05),吸氮总量增加8.70%(P＜0.01),NO-3-N含量降低30.10%(P＜0.01),但含氮率无明显变化.IFC在小白菜上的应用效果好于常用氮肥增效剂双氰胺.适量施用IFC化肥增效剂使土壤氨化强度略有增加,能在一定程度上抑制土壤反硝化作用,但对土壤微生物生物量未产生明显影响.     

有机膦萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中Cr和Fe

采用磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(D2EHPA)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中的Cr3 与Fe3 .结果表明,在pH 2.2时,采用5?EHPA-正己烷萃取体系,Fe3 的萃取率达到99%,有效地分离了制革污泥淋滤液中的Fe3 和Cr3 .以5 mol·l-1的盐酸作为反萃剂反萃负载有机相,20min时的反萃率可以达到90%左右.以TBP和 D2EHPA为萃取剂萃取分离Cr3 与Fe3 时,降低了污泥淋滤液中Fe3 的萃取率,这是由于TBP的加入降低了D2EHPA的有效浓度.同时TBP的加入阻碍了萃取物分子和反萃剂的接触,降低了Fe3 的反萃率.     

The apportionment of quadratic entropy: a useful alternative for partitioning diversity in ecological data

Many methods that study the diversity within hierarchically structured populations have been developed in genetics. Among them, the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al., 1992) has the advantage of including evolutionary distances between individuals. AMOVA is a special case of a far more general statistical scheme produced by Rao (1982a; 1986) and called the apportionment of quadratic entropy (APQE). It links diversity and dissimilarity and allows the decomposition of diversity according to a given hierarchy. We apply this framework to ecological data showing that APQE may be very useful for studying diversity at various spatial scales. Moreover, the quadratic entropy has a critical advantage over usual diversity indices because it takes into account differences between species. Finally, the differences that can be incorporated in APQE may be either taxonomic or functional (biological traits), which may be of critical interest for ecologists.     

Differentiated impacts of environmental policies on the Colombian Frontier: coercive conservation and containment of illicit activities in the Pacific and the Ariari region

ABSTRACT

This article, through the use of political ecology perspectives on coercive conservation, aims to explain how in two separate Colombian Natural Parks and buffer zones, environmental policies designed to (re)take control of the frontier, have produced a similar territorial differentiation in the contention of illicit activities. Los Farallones in the Colombian Pacific and La Macarena/Puerto Rico in the Ariari region have experienced different stages of the armed conflict and are at the center of this analysis. I argue that in the contexts of both conflict escalation (1998–2007) and conflict de-escalation (2008–2016), the State in its attempt to control the frontier has not only had military intervention in areas of conservation but has also reinforced environmental programs that attack illegal mining and coca, producing both a territorially differentiated containment of illicit activities and an uneven progression of the illicit frontier.     

汽车尾气净化非贵金属催化剂SO2中毒机理研究

用TPD,IR,XPS等方法研究了汽车尾气净化的复合氧化物催化剂SO_2中毒机理。结果表明,催化剂SO_2中毒失(?),首先是SO_2在催化剂活性中心上进行化学吸附,然后部分SO_2与活性组分生成相应的亚硫酸盐和硫盐酸,从而使催化剂失活。SO_2的化学吸附及部分生成相应的亚硫酸盐,与生成硫酸盐相比,对催化剂失活的影响,前者更为明显。     

施用缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤生物学活性的影响

采用盆栽试验并模拟田间生态环境,研究了施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥对玉米苗期土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物生物量碳和氮含量的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期,施用脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素及醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素对土壤脲酶活性有显著抑制作用,脲酶活性分别为49.25和48.13μg.g-1.d-1(以NH3-N计);施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤硝酸还原酶活性普遍增强,其活性在0.76~1.03μg.g-1.d-1(以N计)之间,但相互间无显著差异,脲酶抑制剂nBPT对土壤硝酸还原酶活性无显著作用;施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量变化趋势一致,施用脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素时微生物量最多,微生物量碳、氮含量分别为248.19和56.53 mg.kg-1,施用丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素时微生物量最少,微生物碳、氮含量分别为104.80和23.94 mg.kg-1。施用不同种类缓/控释氮肥时土壤生物学活性的变化特点表明,丙烯酸树脂包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层相结合的缓/控释肥料控释效果最好。     

Scenarios of major terrestrial ecosystems in China

The spatial pattern and mean-center shift of major terrestrial ecosystems, termed Holdridge Life Zones (HLZ), during the periods from 1961 to 1990 (T1), from 2010 to 2039 (T2), from 2040 to 2069 (T3) and from 2070 to 2099 (T4) were analyzed by combining the zonal patterns of climatic change in China and the climatic change scenarios of HadCM2 and HadCM3. The results showed that nival area would decrease rapidly with temperature increase in the future. HadCM2 and HadCM3 predicted that the nival areas might disappear in 552 years and 204 years, respectively. Using both HadCM2 and HadCM3, the five HLZ types with the largest areal extent are nival zone, cool temperate moist forest, warm temperate moist forest, subtropical moist forest and boreal wet forest, which collectively account for more than 50% of China's land mass. Among these five HLZ types, nival zone, warm temperate moist forest and boreal wet forest would decrease continuously, whereas subtropical moist forest and cool temperate forest would increase continuously during the four periods. HLZ diversity and patch connectivity would increase continuously in the 21st century. The shift distances of mean centers of HLZ types simulated using HadCM3 were markedly greater than those simulated using HadCM2, in general. The results from both HadCM2 and HadCM3 showed that boreal wet forest, subtropical moist forest, tropical dry forest, warm temperate moist forest and subtropical wet forest had bigger shift ranges, indicating that these HLZ types are more sensitive to the climatic change scenarios of HadCM2 and HadCM3.     

Is boldness affected by group composition in young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis)?

In young-of-the-year perch (Perca fluviatilis), individuals within groups differed in the degree of boldness, estimated by habitat utilisation and feeding activity in visual contact with a potential predator. We looked at changes in individual behaviour in connection with change of group composition. During the first period, perch were randomly assigned to groups, and time spent in open habitat versus in vegetation and number of prey attacks were registered. The perch were then categorised into personality types (shy, bold, intermediate) according to their behaviour. During the second period, fish were observed when sorted into new groups, each containing only one personality type. Shy individuals showed the largest changes in behaviour, and increased both the time spent in the open and the number of prey attacks when placed into the new groups. Feeding activity in shy fish during the second period was affected by group composition during the first period. After regrouping, bold individuals decreased their time in the open, whereas intermediate individuals did not change behaviour. Time in the open habitat was, to some extent, influenced by the behaviour of the other members of the group, but number of prey attacks was not. The behaviour of fish of the different personality types we have defined in this study seemed to be based on innate traits, but also modified by the influence of other group members and by habituation to the environment.Communicated by J.Krause