Plutonium isotopes concentration in seawater and bottom sediment off the Pacific coast of Aomori sea area during 1991-2005

A radioactivity survey was launched in 1991 to determine the background levels of ^239+240Pu in the marine environment off a commercial spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant before full operation of the facility. Particular attention was focused on the ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio in seawater and bottom sediment to identify the origins of Pu isotopes. The concentration of ^239+240Pu was almost uniform in surface water, decreasing slowly over time. Conversely, the ^239+240Pu concentration varied markedly in the bottom water and was dependent upon the sampling point, with higher concentrations of ^239+240Pu observed in the bottom water sample at sampling points having greater depth. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio in the seawater and sediment samples was higher than that of global fallout Pu, and comparable with the data in the other sea area around Japan which has likely been affected by close-in fallout Pu originating from the Pacific Proving Grounds. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio in bottom sediment samples decreased with sea depth. The land-originated Pu is not considered as the reason of the increasing ^239+240Pu concentration and also decreasing the ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio with sea depth, and further study is required to clarify it.     

基于卫星夜间灯光数据的中国分省碳排放时空模拟

中国能源统计数据"横向不可比,纵向不可加"现象依然突出,尤其是分省能源消费统计千差万别,给分省碳排放评估带来了较大困难,如何利用卫星遥感数据科学合理地估算中国分省碳排放是当前亟须研究的问题。本文运用DMSP/OLS全球稳定夜间灯光数据,在通过相互校正、年内融合和年际间校正等系列处理得到中国分省稳定夜间灯光数据的基础上,首先分别构建中国分省稳定夜间灯光亮度DN值与人均碳排放和单位面积碳排放之间的时空地理加权回归模型,两个模型整体效果均较好,拟合优度分别高达96.74%和99.24%;其次运用稳定夜间灯光亮度DN值对分省人均碳排放和单位面积碳排放进行时空模拟;最后运用人口规模和土地面积对分省碳排放进行估算。估算结果显示:(1)整体来看,2000—2013年年均碳排放模拟值与实际值6.3349×109t较为接近,两个模型的相对误差均在0.5%以内。(2)分年度来看,所有年份的相对误差均在5%以内,2006年分省加总碳排放模拟值与实际碳排放6.2036×109t最为接近,绝对误差和相对误差均较小,两个模型模拟值的相对误差均为0.04%。(3)分省域来看,2000—2013年年均碳排放模拟值与实际碳排放均非常接近,除海南和宁夏外,其余28个省区市的相对误差均在1%以内。(4)分年度分省域来看,以2013年为例,40%省份的相对误差在2%以内,70%省份的相对误差在5%以内。从整体、分年度、分省域、分年度分省域的估算结果来看,基于稳定夜间灯光数据的中国分省碳排放时空模拟效果良好。因此,运用卫星夜间灯光数据可以较为准确地对中国分省碳排放进行估算和预测,为卫星遥感影像数据服务分省碳排放监测和评估提供一种补充性参考。     

碳化泡沫负载Co3O4活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

Co₃O₄具有优良的活化过硫酸盐的性能而受到人们的重视,但Co₃O₄粉体易团聚、使用过程中难以分离、易流失和重复利用率差等问题严重制约了其实际应用．通过水热法制备碳化三聚氰胺泡沫负载Co₃O₄非均相催化剂．采用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对催化剂的结构和表面形貌进行分析．研究不同因素对催化剂活化过硫酸氢钾（PMS）降解罗丹明B（RhB）的性能．其最优催化工艺参数：催化剂投加量为35 mg·L^-1、PMS质量浓度为50 mg·L^-1和pH为7、RhB初始质量浓度为10 mg·L^-1,30 min反应后对RhB降解率为98%．结果表明,增大碳化泡沫负载Co₃O₄非均相催化剂投加量和PMS质量浓度能明显提高对RhB的降解率;而增加RhB初始质量浓度和提高pH值会明显抑制RhB的降解率．催化反应过程符合准一级动力学方程．温度对RhB降...     

Response of the Ascorbate-Peroxidase of Selenastrum capricornutum to Copper and Lead in Stormwaters

The green alga Selenastrum capricornutum expresses a uniqueascorbate peroxidase, that responds to copper and lead. Attemptswere made to test if this peroxidase could be used to monitor thelevels of copper and lead in natural waters. When S.capricornutum was exposed to a stormwater sample, the specificactivity of the peroxidase in the cell extract was commensuratewith the combined copper and lead contents in the sample. Theperoxidase responses were also correlated with the 96 hr biomasstoxicity assay of S. capricornutum. However, unlike thebiomass toxicity assay, the peroxidase activity was not affectedby the anions in the samples. The use of this peroxidase can beused as a marker for testing heavy metal toxicity in the water.     

Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.     

PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的制备及其耐污染性能

首先将聚乙二醇单甲基甲醚酯(PEGMA)接枝到聚醚砜(PES)上得到PES-g-PEGMA,然后利用溶液共混的方法,将聚氯乙烯(PVC)与PES-g-PEGMA共混,通过溶剂-非溶剂扩散诱导相分离法(NIPS)制备PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜。在此基础上对PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜的断面和表面微观结构、水通量、 截留率、机械性能及耐污染等性能进行测试,并采用接触角,含水率(EWC),X 射线光电子能谱仪(XPS) 来表征PES-g-PEGMA 的质量百分含量对 PVC/PES-g-PEGMA 共混膜亲水性的影响。结果表明,PVC/PES-g-PEGMA共混膜水通量,亲水性较纯PVC有很大程度的提高。耐污染性实验表明,随着PES-g-PEGMA的增加,耐污染性逐渐增强。实验结果同时也表明,该共混体系最佳共混比为7:3。     

Lindane removal by pure and mixed cultures of immobilized actinobacteria

Stereoselective dissipation of epoxiconazole had been studied in grape and soil during plant growing under field conditions in this paper. A sensitive and rapid chiral method was developed and validated for the determination of epoxiconazole stereoisomers in grape and soil based on liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-1 column was used for enantioseparation with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (90/10, v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.3 mL min⁻¹. Fortified recoveries in grape and soil samples ranged from 76.0% to 91.9% and relative standard deviations were less than 11.4% with fortified levels of 0.025-1.0 mg kg⁻¹. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.005 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.025 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, with linear calibration curves extending up to 5.0 mg kg⁻¹. The field experimental results showed that dissipations of epoxiconazole stereoisomers in grape followed first-order kinetics (R² > 0.92) and stereoselectivity occurred in 2 h after spraying. The (−)-stereoisomer with half-life of 9.3 d degraded faster than (+)-stereoisomer with that of 13.2 d, and resulted in relative enrichment of (+)-stereoisomer. However, the stereoisomeric dissipations in soil were triphasic (“increase-decrease-steady”) with lower dissipation rates, and also occurred with preferential degradation of (−)-stereoisomer under field condition. The results for stereoselective dissipations can be applied for food and environmental assessments of chiral pesticides.     

Recent Changes in Stream Flashiness and Flooding,and Effects of Flood Management in North Carolina and Virginia

The southeastern United States has undergone anthropogenic changes in landscape structure, with the potential to increase (e.g., urbanization) and decrease (e.g., reservoir construction) stream flashiness and flooding. Assessment of the outcome of such change can provide insight into the efficacy of current strategies and policies to manage water resources. We (1) examined trends in precipitation, floods, and stream flashiness and (2) assessed the relative influence of land cover and flow‐regulating features (e.g., best management practices and artificial water bodies) on stream flashiness from 1991 to 2013. We found mean annual precipitation decreased, which coincided with decreasing trends in floods. In contrast, stream flashiness, overall, showed an increasing trend during the period of study. However, upon closer examination, 20 watersheds showed stable stream flashiness, whereas 5 increased and 6 decreased in flashiness. Urban watersheds were among those that increased or decreased in flashiness. Watersheds that increased in stream flashiness gained more urban cover, lost more forested cover and had fewer best management practices installed than urban watersheds that decreased in stream flashiness. We found best management practices are more effective than artificial water bodies in regulating flashy floods. Flashiness index is a valuable and straightforward metric to characterize changes in streamflow and help to assess the efficacy of management interventions.     

呼和浩特市可镇污水处理厂工程设计

呼和浩特市可镇污水处理厂近期建设规模1.0×104m3/d,远期总规模2.5×104m3/d。污水处理主体工艺采用组合式A2/O生化池+砂滤,污泥处理采用污泥贮池+带式浓缩脱水一体机,尾水采用液氯消毒,设计出水水质执行GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准。介绍了该工程的工艺流程、设计参数,总结分析了工艺设计的技术特点。同时阐述了针对低温条件下的运行保障措施和要求,为寒冷地区同类污水处理厂的设计提供参考和借鉴。     

医疗废物焚烧厂周边环境空气中二英浓度分布及其健康风险评估

于2015-2018年冬季（12月-2月）对广东省某医疗废物焚烧厂排放烟气及焚烧设施周边2.5 km范围内6个采样点分别进行了4次烟气和环境空气样品采集,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）联用技术对二（口恶）英（PCDD/Fs）浓度水平进行监测并对其组成特征进行了分析,运用主成分分析法（PCA）对周边环境空气中二（口恶）英来源进行了初步解析,同时采用VLIER-HUMAAN模型评估其对人体的健康风险.结果表明该医疗废物焚烧厂烟气二（口恶）英毒性当量浓度为0.542~21.300 ng·Nm^-3（以I-TEQ计）,排放水平较高;周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度和毒性当量浓度变化范围分别为0.682~196.000 pg·m^-3和0.036~17.700 pg·m^-3（以I-TEQ计）,周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs浓度明显受到排放源烟气落地点的影响.空气样品中二（口恶）英同族体及异构体分布指纹谱图与该焚烧设施排放烟气类似,空气质量浓度主要贡献单体以OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDF以及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD为主,主要毒性贡献单体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF.PCA源解析结论与指纹谱图特征分析结论基本一致,该研究区域中环境空气二（口恶）英主要来源于医疗废物焚烧烟气排放.健康风险评估结果表明,该区域人群呼吸暴露风险总体处于较为安全的水平（0.0032~0.141 pg TEQ·kg^-1·d^-1）,部分个体的呼吸暴露贡献率超过了评价限值,应引起重视.