粉炭强化循环造粒流化床去除天然有机物的研究

强化天然有机物去除是饮用水处理工艺的重要目标.循环造粒流化床作为一种新型高效固液分离技术具有处理负荷高、水质适应性强的特点,将其与粉末活性炭（PAC）联用,探究对水库水中有机物的强化去除效果.研究发现当聚合氯化铝（PACl）与PAC同时投加,且PACl、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）及PAC投加量分别为24mg/L、1.2mg/L、30mg/L时,流化床系统对进水浊度、UV₂₅₄、COD_Mn、DOC去除率分别为96.5%、72.0%、71.7%、61.0%.对进出水中的有机物进行三维荧光分析,发现流化床系统中结团造粒作用下出水的类富里酸和类腐殖酸的FI分别比进水降低了40.1%和43.0%;加入30mg/L PAC后,出水的类富里酸和类腐殖酸的的FI分别比原水降低了54.0%和55.3%.水库水中的有机物分子量主要在 < 1kDa和10~30kDa两个区间,分别占总有机物含量的37.1%和39.1%.循环造粒流化床系统中结团造粒作用主要去除10~30kDa区间的有机物,PAC吸附作用对 < 1kDa的有机物有很好的去除.     

经济快速发展区土壤重金属累积评价

以经济快速发展典型区昆山市为研究区,结合重金属总量、有效态和形态3方面指标建立了昆山市土壤重金属累积评价的指标体系,并对其进行了综合评价.结果表明,昆山重金属总量累积指数空间变异较小,为42.57%,但重金属有效态和形态累积指数(特别是重金属活性形态)空间分异很大,分别达82.75%和77.83%.若以土壤剖面母质层各指标的含量为参比值,土壤重金属总量累积指数平均为1.01,为轻度累积水平,重金属有效态累积指数平均为2.46, 达中度累积水平,重金属形态累积主要表现为重金属活性形态的累积,形态累积指数平均达4.32, 达重度累积水平.重金属综合累积指数的平均值2.56, 达中度累积水平,变异系数达70.03%,有21.54%的面积土壤重金属达轻度累积,54.70%的面积达中度累积,23.76%的面积达重度累积.不同功能区土壤重金属的各项累积评价指数均以养殖区最低,冶金电镀区最高,但功能区间差异未达显著水平;不同土壤类型的各项累积指数均达显著水平,且均以乌栅土的累积指数最高,显著高于黄泥土和青泥土的累积指数.     

Kinetics and equilibrium of adsorption of dissolved organic matter fractions from secondary effluent by fly ash

Fly ash was used as a low-cost adsorbent for removing dissolved organic matter (DOM) in secondary effluent. Batch experiments were conducted under various adsorbent dosages, pH, contact time, temperatures and DOM fractional characteristics. Under the optimum conditions of fly ash dosage of 15 g/L, temperature of 303 K and contact time of 180 min, a removal of 22.5% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 23.7% of UV-254, 25.9% of the trihalomethanes precursors in secondary effluent was obtained. The adsorption of DOM fractions onto fly ash all followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model, and the hydrophilic fraction adsorption by fly ash also fitted the intraparticle diffusion model quite well. Freundlich and Langmuir models were applicable to the fly ash adsorption and their constants were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorptions revealed that fly ash was more effective in adsorbing hydrophilic fraction than the acidic fractions. Structure changes of the DOM fractions after fly ash adsorption were also characterized via spectrum analyzing. Those mechanisms presented critical step toward improved efficiencies of fly ash adsorption via further surface-modification.     

Chemical fractionations and bioavailability of cadmium and zinc to cole （Brassica campestris L.） grown in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil, northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the relationship between distribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) and their availability to cole (Brassica campestris L.) grown in the multi-metal contaminated oasis soil in northwest of China. The results showed that Cd and Zn in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly found in the residual fractionation, however, with increasing contents of Cd and Zn in the oasis soil, the distribution of Cd and Zn changed significantly. The growth of cole could be promoted by low Cd and Zn concentration, but significantly restrained by high concentrations. There was antagonistic e ect among Cd and Zn in the multi-metals contaminated oasis soil. Stepwise regression analysis between fractionations distribution coe cients of the two meals in the soil and their contents in cole showed that both Cd and Zn in the exchangeable fractionation in the oasis soil made the most contribution on the uptake of Cd and Zn in cole. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cd was greater than Zn in cole, and BCFs of the two metals in leaves were greater than those in roots. The translocation factors of the two metals in cole were greater than 1, and the two metals mainly accumulated in the edible parts in cole. Therefore, cole is not a suitable vegetable for the oasis soil because of the plants notable contamination by heavy metals.     

FeOOH催化臭氧氧化滤后水中NOM的小分子副产物的生成

以滤后水中富集、分离出的6种不同特性的天然有机物(NOM)组分为对象,考察了羟基氧化铁（FeOOH）催化臭氧氧化NOM各组分后小分子醛、酮及酮酸副产物的生成情况.发现FeOOH催化氧化比臭氧氧化提高了对NOM 各组分DOC和SUVA的去除率.FeOOH催化氧化并不能有效地降低NOM各组分小分子副产物的产量.催化氧化和臭氧氧化后,憎水中性物质(HON)的醛、酮、酮酸的总产量都最高,NOM碱性组分的小分子副产物产量都相对最低.NOM各组分催化氧化后甲醛和丙酮酸的产量最大,这和单独臭氧氧化的结论一致.特别是HON的甲醛产率占其醛、酮总产量的71.6%,单位DOC丙酮酸的产量达78.6 μg/mg.用NOM组分的小分子副产物折算DOC占各组分氧化后DOC的质量分数来间接显示氧化后剩余DOC的可生物降解性,发现催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化进一步提高了滤后水中NOM各组分的可生化性.     

Controlling various contaminants in wastewater effluent through membranes and engineered wetland

For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery, the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters (NOM and EfOM), toxic anions, and micropollutants was considered in this work. Two different NOM (humic acid of the Suwannee River, and NOM of US and Youngsan River, Korea), and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant, Korea, were selected for investigating the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties. Nitrate, bromate, and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities. Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), oxybenzone, and caffeine, due to their different K _ow and pK _a values, were selected as target micropollutants. As expected, the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms of all the tested contaminants, and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions (except for nitrate) and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant, oxybenzon. Through the wetlands, nitrate was successfully removed. Therefore, a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation and optimum control of contaminats.     

活性炭对天然水体中甲基对硫磷和三氯乙烯的吸附特性研究

采用序批式试验研究了3种粉末活性炭(PAC)对天然水体中甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附平衡特性,利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对不同投炭量下的吸附动力学进行拟合与预测,并探讨了天然有机物(NOM)对MP、TCE在PAC上的竞争吸附效应.研究结果表明,天然水体条件下,3种PAC对MP和TCE的吸附符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型;MP比TCE更易于被PAC吸附;3种PAC对MP、TCE的吸附能力由大到小依次为YK炭、SL炭和JC炭;HSDM模型可以很好地对吸附动力学进行拟合,并能够有效地预测不同投炭量时的吸附动力学;天然水体中的NOM会与MP和TCE在PAC上发生竞争吸附,NOM对MP的竞争吸附作用相对TCE更为显著.     

^15N isotope fractionation in an aquatic food chain： Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） as an algal control agent

15N isotope tracer techniques and ecological modeling were adopted to investigate the fractionation of nitrogen,its uptake and transformation in algae and snail(Bellamya aeruginosa Reeve).Different algal species were found to differ in their uptake of nitrogen isotopes.Microcystis aeruginisa Ktz.demonstrated the greatest 15N accumulation capacity,with the natural variation in isotopic ratio(δ 15N) and the isotope fractionation factor(ε,‰) being the highest among the species investigated.The transformation and utilization of 15N by snails differed depending on the specific algae consumed(highest for Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick.,lowest for M.aeruginisa).When snails was seeded in the experimental pond,the algae population structure changed significantly,and total algal biomass as well as the concentration of all nitrogen species decreased,causing an increase in water transparency.A model,incorporating several chemical and biological parameters,was developed to predict algal biomass in an aquatic system when snails was present.The data collected during this investigation indicated that the gastropods such as snails could significantly impact biological community and water quality of small water bodies,suggesting a role for biological control of noxious algal blooms associated with eutrophication.     

非质量氧同位素分馏效应研究进展

非质量氧同位素分馏效应(mass independent oxygenisotope fractionation)研究为一些重大地质科学问题的解释开辟了一条新途径。在简要介绍非质量分馏理论后,重点评述了非质量氧同位素分馏效应的研究进展,包括非质量同位素分馏效应的成因机制、氧同位素组成分析方法建立及其在环境地学领域的应用。并对非质量氧同位素分馏领域未来研究趋势作了进一步探讨。     

含氯有机污染物中氯同位素测定方法及应用进展

本文综述了四种稳定氯同位素的测定方法。重点比较了当前使用最为广泛的两种测定方法,基于CH3Cl+离子的正电离气体质谱法(PEIMS)和基于Cs2Cl+离子的正热电离质谱法(PTIMS)。论述了稳定氯同位素体系(37Cl/35Cl)在含氯有机污染物来源、迁移及转换过程中的应用研究。