土壤酸度对稀土元素在小麦体内的生物可利用性及分馏效应的影响

采用盆栽实验,研究了土壤酸度对稀土元素在小麦体内的生物可利用性及分馏效应的影响.结果表明:小麦体内稀土含量与pH之间呈二次方程的关系,在实验pH范围内,随pH值升高小麦体内稀土含量逐渐降低,每种稀土含量随pH变化程度表现为:Ce>La>Nd>Sm>Gd>Yb>Tb>Eu,表明Ce对pH值更为敏感,Eu最小.土壤中3种稀土形态的含量顺序为B2(NH₂OHHCl提取态)>B3(H₂O₂-NH₄Ac提取态)>B1(HAc提取态),随着酸度的降低,B1有向B2、B3转化的趋势.线性回归和多元逐步回归分析表明不同形态的稀土对小麦吸收的贡献程度因单个稀土元素的不同而不同,但B1态是主要的生物可利用态.小麦体内轻重稀土之间分馏系数与pH值呈负线性相关,土壤酸度越大,分馏系数越大.     

Effects of pre-ozonation on organic matter removal by coagulation with IPF-PACI

Ozone plays an important role as a disinfectant and oxidant in potable water treatment practice and is increasingly being used as a pre-oxidant before coagulation. The purpose of this study is to obtain insight into the mechanisms that are operative in pre-ozonized coagulation. Effects ofpre-ozonation on organic matter removal during coagulation with IPF-PAC1 were investigated by using PDA （photometric disperse analysis）, apparent molecular weight distribution and chemical fractionation. The dynamic formation of flocs during coagulation process was detected. Changes of aquatic organic matter （AOM） structure resulted from the influence of pre-ozonation were evaluated. Results show that dosage of O3 and characteristics of AOM are two of the major factors influencing the performance of O3 on coagulation. No significant coagulation-aid effect of O3 was observed for all experiments using either A1C13 or PAC1. On the contrary, with the application of pre-ozonation, the coagulation efficiency of A1C13 was significantly deteriorated, reflected by the retardation of floc formation, and the removal decreases of turbidity, DOC, and UV254. However, if PACl was used instead of AlCl3, the adverse effects of pre-ozonation were mitigated obviously, particularly when the O3 dosage was less than 0.69 （mg O3/mg TOC）. The difference between removals of UV254, and DOC indicated that pre-ozonation greatly changed the molecular structure of AOM, but its capability of mineralization was not remarkable. Only 5% or so DOC was removed by pre-ozonation at 0.6--0.8 mg/L alone. Fractionation results showed that the organic products of pre-ozonation exhibited lower molecular weight and more hydrophilicity, which impaired the removal of DOC in the following coagulation process.     

黄河兰州段悬浮颗粒物对菲的吸附行为研究

用黄河兰州段水体天然颗粒、人工贫有机质颗粒、伊利石、高岭土、针铁矿作为模拟悬浮颗粒物,采用批量平衡法研究了菲在不同成分颗粒物上的吸附行为,探讨了黄河中上游水体悬浮颗粒物的各种成分对疏水性有机污染物吸附的能力与机理。研究认为,菲在天然颗粒物及粘土矿物颗粒表面的吸附等温线为“S”形,能较好地符合Freundlich方程。粒径相同的不同类型颗粒物对菲的吸附能力大小依次为:粘土矿物>人工贫有机质颗粒>针铁矿>天然颗粒物。对于低有机质含量的兰州黄河颗粒物而言,NOM对菲吸附的贡献较低;溶剂化作用可被用来解释菲在天然颗粒及粘土颗粒表面的吸附行为。     

Characteristics of dissolved organic matter （DOM） in leachate with different landfill ages

The main objective of the study was to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in leachate with different landfill ages through the chemical, spectroscopic, and elemental analysis. Humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and hydrophilic (HyI) fractions were isolated and purified by the XAD-8 resin combined with the cation exchange resin method. The analytical results of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) revealed that the fluorescence peaks were protein-like fluorescence for young landfill leachate, while the fluorescence peaks for medium and old landfill leachate were humic-like and fulvic-like fluorescence, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content decreased with landfill age, while the oxygen content increased. Moreover, the nitrogen content in these isolated fractions followed HA ＞ HyI ＞ FA. The results of elemental analysis, FT-IR, and fluorescence EEMs also confirmed that aromatic carbons and portions of aliphatic functional groups were more abundant in leachate samples with increasing landfill age.     

Zr、Hf在水合氧化铁上的吸附实验研究

制备了两种不同n(Zr)／n(Hf)的Zr、Hf混合溶液,测定了实时生成的水合氧化铁和预先生成的水合氧化铁在不同pH条件下对Zr、Hf的吸附量,并对其吸附等温线进行了研究。研究结果表明:等价元素Zr、Hf在HFO上的吸附是非线性的,在吸附过程中二者发生了分异,Zr的吸附能力要大于Hf;在天然水体pH值范围内(pH≥6),Zr、Hf的吸附量Q及n(Zr)／n(Hf)不随pH发生变化,显示了Zr、Hf相对惰性的行为;Zr、Hf在吸附过程中表现出惊人的一致性行为,Zr、Hf数据间的相关系数R2在0.98以上;Zr、Hf在HFO上的吸附可能是表面羟基与Zr、Hf表面络合反应的结果,并且络合能力Zr>Hf。     

长江口海域悬浮颗粒物中钴、镍、铁、锰的化学形态及分布特征研究

研究了重金属Co、Ni、Fe、Mn在长江口及邻近海域悬浮颗粒中的含量、存在形态以及它们在河水与海水混合过程中迁移转化特征,其变化动态特征表明,Co、Ni、Fe以残渣态为主要存在形式;由于Fe-Mn氧化物的形成和吸附作用,使上述金属从水体经过悬浮颗粒转到沉积物中;以Fe-Mn氧化物和碳酸盐形态存在的重金属含量受水体环境的pH和盐度制约。用多元回归分析求得不同形态重金属含量与盐度、pH值和悬浮物含量的变化方程,以及与环境要素间的相互关系。     

土壤锌、铜、铁、锰形态区分方法的选择

用化学连续提取的方法将土壤中的锌、铜、铁、锰依结合状态区分为交换态、碳酸盐结合态(石灰性土壤)、氧化锰结合态、有机结合态、无定形氧化铁结合态、晶形氧化铁结合态和硅铝酸盐矿物态.初步认为选定的形态及提取方法适于土壤中锌、铜、铁、锰等元素的研究.     

Insight into removal of dissolved organic matter in post pharmaceutical wastewater by coagulation-UV/H2O2

The removal of four dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions, non-acid hydrophobics, hydrophobic acids, hydrophilics and transphilics, was achieved by coagulation-UV/H₂O₂ oxidation in post-pharmaceutical wastewater (PhWW). Coagulation with Polyferric chloride (PFC), Polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) and Polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) was studied separately to evaluate the effects of the initial pH and coagulant dosage. The coagulation-UV/H₂O₂ oxidation method resulted in much higher reduction rates for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (by 75%) and UV₂₅₄ (by 92%) than coagulation or UV/H₂O₂ oxidation alone. The proportion of non-acid hydrophobics, hydrophobic acids, transphilics and hydrophilics removed by coagulation was 54%, 49%, 27% and 12 %, while the combined treatment removed 92%, 87%, 70% and 39%, respectively. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of fluorescence measurements revealed that the humic-like fluorescent component C4 showed the highest removal (by 44%) during the coagulation stage. After coagulation-UV/H₂O₂ treatment, the humic-like fluorescent component C3 had the highest removal (by 72%), whereas xenobiotic organic fluorescent components C1 and C4 remained recalcitrant to decomposition. Significant correlations (R² > 0.8) between C1 and the hydrophobic acids and non-acid hydrophobics suggested the possibility of using fluorescence spectroscopy as an effective tool to assess variations in DOM fraction treatment efficacy in coagulation-UV/H₂O₂ systems. After the combined treatment, toxic inhibition of cellular activity by post PhWW decreased from 88% to 47% and biodegradability increased from 0.1 to 0.52.     

不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量下降的影响

采用DAX-8、XAD-4、IRA-958型树脂将自来水中有机物分离成强疏水性、弱疏水性、极性亲水性、中性亲水性有机物,以聚偏氟乙烯、聚醚砜、醋酸纤维3种材质的膜对各组分水样进行膜过滤试验,研究不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量的影响.结果表明,过滤原水时,PES膜、PVDF膜和CA膜的通量分别比初始通量下降了67%、 59%和19%,表明疏水性越强的膜,越容易造成污染.就各种组分对通量的影响而言,过滤中性亲水性组分的通量下降为初始通量的41%～75%,而弱疏水性组分为6%～33%,表明中性亲水性组分对膜过滤通量的影响最大.3种膜中,CA膜对中性亲水性组分的截留率最高,达14.69%,但通量下降程度却最小,说明膜通量下降的程度并不与有机物截留总量正相关.对膜污染机制进行探讨后发现,对于截留分子量较大的超滤或微滤膜,相对分子质量>3×10⁴的中性亲水性组分通过堵塞膜孔内部,从而造成严重的膜污染;而对于截留分子量较小的超滤膜,中性亲水性组分由于无法进入膜孔,主要在膜表面形成滤饼层,从而对膜通量的影响较小.     

Heavy metal sequential extraction methods--a modification for tropical soils

Sequential extractions of metals can be useful to study metal distributions in various soil fractions. Although several sequential extraction procedures have been suggested in the literature, most were developed for temperate soils and may not be suitable for tropical soils with high contents of Mn and Fe oxides. The objective of this study was to develop a sequential fractionation procedure for Cu and Zn in tropical soils. Extractions were performed on surface (0–20 cm) samples of ten representative soils of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Chemically reactive Mn forms were satisfactorily assessed by the new modified procedure. Amorphous and crystalline Fe oxides were more selectively extracted in a new two-step extraction. Soil-born Zn and Cu were primarily associated with recalcitrant soil fractions. The proposed procedure provided more detailed information on metal distribution in tropical soils and better characterization of the various components of the soil matrix. The new procedure is expected to be an important tool for predicting the potential effects of environmental changes and land application of metals on the redistribution of chemical forms of metals in tropical soils.