城市大气污染物总量控制最大排放量模型法及其应用

本文建立了城市大气污染物总量控制最大排放量模型．把该模型应用于广东省某市ＳＯ＿２总量控制计算，结果表明。该模型的应用效果是较理想的．为城市大气污染物总量控制提供了一种有效的方法．     

森林地表火行为估算的数学模型

本文在大量室内林火室验的基础上，通过参考ＢＥＨＡＶＥ程序中的数学模型，提出了一整套估算地表火火行为特征量的表达式。为保证求解火蔓延速度的更合理性和具有较高的精度，将风速和坡度对火蔓延速度的影响，采用了矢量叠加的方法进行修正。在假设火场为椭圆面来估算火场状况时，不但考虑了风速对火场形状的影响，还引入折合风达的概念，通过将坡度对火场的作用折合成相应的风速值来修正坡度的影响，与大兴安岭野外试验的结果对比表明，本数学模型定量合理。     

Computing Atmospheric Nutrient Loads to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Tidal Waters

Application of integrated Chesapeake Bay models of the airshed, watershed, and estuary support air and water nitrogen controls in the Chesapeake. The models include an airshed model of the Mid‐Atlantic region which tracks the estimated atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen to the watershed, tidal Bay, and adjacent coastal ocean. The three integrated models allow tracking of the transport and fate of nitrogen air emissions, including deposition in the Chesapeake watershed, the subsequent uptake, transformation, and transport to Bay tidal waters, and their ultimate influence on Chesapeake water quality. This article describes the development of the airshed model, its application to scenarios supporting the Chesapeake Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), and key findings from the scenarios. Key findings are that the atmospheric deposition loads are among the largest input loads of nitrogen in the watershed, and that the indirect nitrogen deposition loads to the watershed, which are subsequently delivered to the Bay are larger than the direct loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to Chesapeake tidal waters. Atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen deposited in coastal waters, which are exchanged with the Chesapeake, are also estimated. About half the atmospheric deposition loads of nitrogen originate from outside the Chesapeake watershed. For the first time in a TMDL, the loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition are an explicit part of the TMDL load reductions.     

山地林火蔓延模型的研究

建立了有风速有坡度条件下的林火蔓延模型,并进行了模拟山丘条件下的数值计算和实验模拟。通过对计算结果和实验结果的分析比较,获得了模拟山地条件下的一些流场变化规律,为进一步预测林火行为为奠定了基础,同时也证明了采用该模型的必要性。     

活性粉末混凝土(RPC)槽形梁模型破坏试验研究

活性粉末混凝土 (RPC)具有高强、高耐久性以及高延展性等特点 ,因此 ,RPC在桥梁中有很好的应用前景。但是当前对RPC桥梁的设计研究很少 ,笔者根据自行研制的RPC ,设计了预应力拼装结构的槽形梁模型 ;并进行了RPC槽形梁模型的破坏试验研究 ,以验证槽形梁模型的承载力及发现设计上存在的问题。通过对模型拼装、预应力张拉及模型加载的试验现象的介绍和对试验结果的分析可知 ,破坏时主梁底部的拉应力远没有达到RPC的抗拉极限强度 ,而主梁腹板和下翼缘连接处的局部承载力不足才是主梁破坏的真正原因。最后 ,在总结裂缝发展和模型破坏的原因的基础上 ,对进一步的模型设计提出了修改意见。     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

Effect of transient heat transfer on ignition of solid particles

Ignition and combustion of solid particles are the issues of interest for many industrial applications. When simulating ignition and combustion of solid particles using available standard (ST) models, a number of simplifying assumptions are usually adopted, which are not always justified. For example, for calculating heat flux to particle surface, the Newton law is often applied with the heat flux proportional to the difference between the gas temperature and the mean particle temperature. However, Newton law is known to be valid only for steady-state heat transfer. Moreover, the actual heat flux is determined by the particle surface temperature rather than its mean temperature. The objective of this work is to develop a new particle-heating model with the correction factors to the Newton law taking into account transient heat transfer to a particle and nonuniform temperature distribution inside the particle. It was shown that the new particle-heating model correlates much better with detailed numerical calculations than the ST model. The transient heating effects were shown to be important for the problem of solid particle ignition in the oxidizer gas.     

基于数字环境模型的大庆市生态环境质量综合评价

黑龙江大庆市作为典型的资源型城市，是人地关系作用最强烈的区域之一，也是生态环境发生急剧变化且具有特色的区域。采用以栅格数据结构为主的多源空间信息，建立了评价生态环境质量的数字环境模型，生成了大庆市生态环境综合评价图。根据评价结果将生态环境质量分为4级，分级结果显示：大庆市生态环境质量以Ⅱ等和Ⅲ等为主，分别占总面积的50．14％和42．65％，而Ⅰ等和Ⅳ等则分别占总面积的2．45％和4．76％。     

长白山林区落叶松林可燃物模型及火行为状况

在长白山林区不同龄级的落叶松林处设置样地，在样地上设置小样方。采集每个小样方内的死草、活草、凋落物层、半分解层以及1hr，10hr，100hr的杂乱物和灌木，做了可燃物参数的测定。利用Rothermel模型对落叶松林可燃物的蔓延速率、单位面积的热量、火线强度、火焰长度和最大可靠风速进行了计算，得到了比较满意的结果。根据火行为状况，制定了相应的火灾扑救对策。     

Water quality modeling to determine minimum instream flow for fish survival in tidal rivers

The Hsintien Stream is one of the major branches of the Danshuei River system, which runs through the metropolitan capital city of Taipei, Taiwan and receives a large amount of wastewater. The dissolved oxygen concentration is generally low in the tidal portion of the Hsintien Stream. Hypoxia/anoxia occurs often, particularly during the low-flow period when the Feitsui Reservoir, Chingtan Dam and Chihtan Dam impound the freshwater for municipal water supply. Fish kills happen from time to time. This paper describes the application of a numerical hydrodynamic and water quality model to the Danshuei River system, with special attention to the tidal portion of the Hsintien Stream. The model is recalibrated with the prototype conditions of the year 2000. The hydrodynamic portion of the model is recalibrated with measured surface elevation and velocity at various stations in the river system. The water quality portion of the model is recalibrated with respect to the field data provided by Taiwan EPA. The input data of point and nonpoint sources are also estimated. The model simulates the concentrations of various forms of nutrients, CBOD and dissolved oxygen. A series of sensitivity runs was conducted to investigate the effects of point source loadings and river flow on the DO level in the river. It is demonstrated that the augmentation of river flow has as much effect on raising DO level as the reduction of point source loadings. The completion of the Taipei sewer project is expected to reduce the point source loadings by at least 75%. Under these reduced loadings, if the daily instream flow is maintained above the monthly Q75 flow throughout the year, the minimum DO concentration in the river would not fall below 1mg/L, which is the suffocation level for most fish species in the Hsintien Stream. (Q75 is the flow which is equaled or exceeded 75% of the days in the month.) The Feitsui Reservoir, Chingtan Dam and Chihtan Dam may impound water during the high flow periods and release freshwater to maintain the flow at the Q75 value in the Hsintien Stream during the drought periods.