建立我国污水海洋处置管理信息系统

根据“八五”国家科技攻关课题的研究成果,建立了我国污水海洋处置管理信息系统。该系统界面十分清晰、直观,便于操作,有助于海域环境管理的快速决策,可用于我国沿海城市进行污水海洋处置工程规划建设和运行时的查询检索或跟踪监测海域的环境状况,并可对海域环境质量进行评价、预测及污水海洋处置规划。可确定出污水出水点近区浓度场及初始稀释度等各类污水排放参数,对当地海域环境管理及重大战略决策起到很好的技术支持作用      

Conducting model ecosystem studies in tropical climate zones: lessons learned from Thailand and way forward

Little research has been done so far into the environmental fate and side effects of pesticides in the tropics. In addition, those studies conducted in tropical regions have focused almost exclusively on single species laboratory tests. Hence, fate and effects of pesticides on higher-tier levels have barely been studied under tropical conditions. To address this lack of knowledge, four outdoor aquatic model ecosystem experiments using two different test systems were conducted in Thailand evaluating the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the herbicide linuron and the fungicide carbendazim. Results of these experiments and comparisons of recorded fate and effects with temperate studies have been published previously. The present paper discusses the pros and cons of the methodologies applied and provides indications for i) possible improvements; ii) important aspects that should be considered when performing model ecosystem experiments in the tropics; iii) future research.     

乌鲁木齐市区PM2．5污染特征及其溯源与追踪分析

重点研究乌鲁木齐市大气中PM2.5的污染特征,分析其质量变化浓度与各种气象影响因素的相关性．利用美国空气资源实验室的HYSPLIT模型对颗粒物进行备季节代表月份的溯源和追踪分析,为正确认识乌鲁木齐市区大气PM2.5污染状况提供重要基础数据,为以后的对比研究和制定相应的污染控制措施提供参考依据。结果表明：（1）PM2.5质量浓度的最高值出现在1月,受采暖期的影响,冬季PM2.5质量浓度全年最高。（2）PM2.5的质量浓度与温度呈负相关性,与气压的呈正相关性;在无降水的前提下,PM2.5的质量浓度与相对湿度呈正相关。（3）春、夏、秋三季PM2.5来源主要是阿拉山口、阿勒泰北部及南疆,冬季则主要来自于南疆。到达乌鲁木齐的颗粒物主要向河西走廊及阿拉山口方向移动。     

When and how personality predicts workplace safety: Evaluating a moderated mediation model

Introduction: Though previous research has linked personality and workplace safety, results have been inconsistent. Aims of the present study were to understand when and how personality factors predict safety performance. Methods: With 492 working adults, a moderated mediation model was tested whereby the relationship between personality and safety behavior was mediated by safety motivation and moderated by situation strength (i.e., safety climate perceptions). Results: Findings indicate that, aside from extraversion, safety motivation mediated all relationships between FFM personality traits and safety behavior. The mediated relationship between conscientiousness and safety motivation was attenuated by safety climate perceptions. However, relationships between all other personality traits and safety motivation, and ultimately safety behavior, remained consistent or, in the case of extraversion, was augmented at higher levels of safety climate perceptions. Conclusion: Results demonstrate an empirical basis for how and when personality translates into safety behavior at work. Additionally, findings provide a theoretical explanation for the mixed results among previous studies of personality’s relationship with safety outcomes. Implications are discussed for employee selection and training practices in safety-intensive industries.     

基于EFDC水动力-水质模型的建立--以慈湖河为例

本文根据马鞍山市慈湖河流域水环境现状,结合当地政府对慈湖河的管理整治目标,选择EFDC水动力-水质模型作为慈湖河水环境模型。并根据慈湖河流域整体情况对时间空间进行概化。时间概化上,最终确定水动力学模拟时间步长为10s,水质模拟时间步长为20s;空间概化上,采用凸四边形网格概化,各网格之间为一维线性关系;通过CAD、GIS软件,将河道划分为106个网格,共计86行、24列,建立二维模型。通过研究参考文献及相似案例,最终确定本模型的参数和取值。将参数值输入程序中,对慈湖河流域2013年水质进行模拟计算。与马鞍山实际数据比对后发现,模型输出的水位、流速、水质结果在合理范围内。表明在慈湖河干流建立二维水质污染扩散模型,具有较高的拟合、预测精度和泛化能力,模型及方法可为相关水质预测研究提供参考。此外该模型可与web应用系统集成,应用于水质预警,模拟不同污染负荷情形下水质变化,模拟污染事故发生后不同应急措施对污染情况的改善效果,为污染控制和水环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

多重防护的复杂系统中危险源风险评价定量方法研究

通过对当前风险评价方法的研究,发现目前常用的风险评价方法都是针对特定领域危险源的评价,而对于风险管理中亟需的评价具体危险源的风险可接受水平的通用方法却很少涉及,即使有也尚处于定性或半定量研究阶段,这对于其后续步骤风险缓解措施的实施,以及安全预警信息的生成都有着极大局限性。鉴于此,提出了针对具体危险源进行风险评价的定量方法。首先结合里森模型对风险及其二重属性（可能性与严重性）的含义和归属进行明确界定,然后分别用两种不同的方法对风险的二重属性进行定量,其中在对严重性属性定量时引入了事件树的方法,最终得到量化的风险值。最后,用一个风险评价实例说明了这种风险定量评价方法的实施过程。     

Economic liabilities of environmental pollution by coal mining: Indian scenario

India is the first country to introduce environmental legislation in the constitution but because of lengthy legal procedures, it is very difficult to control environmental deterioration. There are many factors responsible for this deterioration. Coal mining is one such activity where deterioration is very severe and the present communication aims this aspect. Coal is the one of the most essential mineral having large reserves in India. It’s mining and beneficiation produce a variety of pollutants. The main pollutants emitted during the processing of coal are green house gases, coal dust and acid mine drainage. Many reports on different aspects of coal mining are available including reports on emission of different pollutants but the present work is probably only of it’s kind in which the authors have tried to determine environment liability directly in terms of economy. It was found that greenhouse liabilities, coal dust liability and sulphur liability are accounted for 12.07, 5.0 and 101.97 US$, making an overall 2.4% of the total economic gains due to coal mining. During the calculations approximate number of total workers and other parameters have been taken into consideration. Who pays for this irreversible damage is a question. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Creating a larger role for environmental psychology: The Reasonable Person Model as an integrative framework

We argue that the environment, broadly construed, has a profound effect on human cognition, action, and well-being. If this is true, then the field of environmental psychology has a far larger potential to aid humanity than is generally realized. We suggest that the field would be more likely to achieve this potential if it viewed environments from the perspective of human informational needs, and focused on environmental/informational patterns that have the potential to make it easier for people to help themselves. Further, achieving such benefits could be greatly enhanced by taking advantage of the many opportunities available for collaborating with researchers in other areas of psychology. The reasonable person model is offered as a perspective that could facilitate moving in these various new directions while taking advantage of the considerable existent knowledge about human–environment interactions that is currently underappreciated.     

Coupled mother-child model for bioaccumulation of POPs in nursing infants

Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) leads to high levels in human milk and high doses of POPs for nursing infants. This is currently not considered in chemical risk assessment. A coupled model for bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in breast-feeding mother and nursing infant was developed and tested for a series of organic compounds. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in mother, breast milk and child were predicted to vary with log K_OW and, for volatile compounds, with K_AW and concentration in air. The concentrations of POPs in the infant body increase the first half year to about factor 3 above mother and decline thereafter to lower levels. The predicted results are close to empirical data and to an empirical regression. The new mother–child model is compact due to its easy structure and the analytical matrix solution. It could be added to existing exposure and risk assessment systems, such as EUSES.     

城市热岛效应的研究模型

城市热岛不但影响城市气候，而且严重影响城市的大气环境，城市发展的多样性决定了城市热岛的复杂性、研究模型的多样性。本文通过对城市热岛常用的研究模型进行了分析、比较，为城市热岛研究模型的选择和进一步研究城市热岛的机理以及城市热岛对城市环境的影响提供了参考依据。