Biological Activity in a Heavily Organohalogen-Contaminated River Sediment (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Sediments of the Spittelwasser creek are highly polluted with organic compounds and heavy metals due to the discharge of untreated waste waters from the industrial region of Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany over the course of more than one century. However, relatively few data have been published about the chloroorganic contamination of the sediment. This paper reports on the content of different (chloro)organic compounds with special emphasis on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), and chlorobenzenes. Existing concepts for the remediation of Spittelwasser sediment include the investigation of natural attenuation processes, which largely depend on the presence of an intact microbial food web. In order to gain more insight in terms of biological activity, we analyzed the capacity of sediment microflora to degrade organic matter by measuring the activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes involved in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Furthermore, the detection of physiologically active bacteria in the sediment, particularly of those known for their capability to reductively dehalogenate organochlorine compounds, illustrates the potential for intrinsic bioremediation processes. Methods PCDD/F and chlorobenzenes were analyzed by gas chromatography(GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/flame ionization detection, respectively. The activities of hydrolytic enzymes were determined from freshly sampled sediment layers using 4-methylumbelliferyl (MUF) or 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-conjugated model compounds and kinetic fluorescence measurements. Physiologically active bacteria from different sediment layers were microscopically visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Specific bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Results and Discussion The PCDD/F congener profile was dominated by dibenzofurans. In addition, the presence of specific tetra and pentachlorinated dibenzofurans supported the assumption that extensive magnesium production was one possible source for the high contamination. A range of other chloroorganic compounds, including several isomers of chlorobenzenes, hexachlorocyclohexane and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chloro-phenyl)ethane (DDT), was present in the sediment. Activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes showed a strong decrease in those sediment layers that were characterized by high contents of absorbable organic halogen (AOX), indicating disturbed organic matter decay. Interestingly, an abnormal increase of cellulolytic enzyme activities below the organochlorine-rich layers was observed, possibly caused by residual cellulose from discharges of sulfite pulping wastes. FISH revealed physiologically active bacteria in most sediment layers from the surface down to the depth of about 60 cm, including members of Desulfitobacterium (D.) and Sulfurospirillum. The presence of D. dehalogenans was confirmed by its partial 16S rRNA gene sequence. Conclusions Results of chemical sediment analyses demonstrated high loads of organochlorine compounds, particularly of PCDD/F. Several years after stopping the waste water discharge to Spittelwasser creek, this sediment remains a main source for pollution of the downstream river system by way of the ongoing mobilization of sediment during high floods. As indicated by our enzyme activity measurements, the decomposition potential for organic matter is low in organochlorine-rich sediment layers. In contrast, the comparably higher enzyme activities in less organochlorine-polluted sediment layers as well as the presence of physiologically active bacteria suggest a considerable potential for natural attenuation. Recommendations and Perspectives From our data we strongly recommend to explore the degradative capacity of sediment microorganisms and the limits for in situ activity towards specific sediment pollutants in more detail. This will give a sound basis for the integration of bioremediation approaches into general concepts to reduce the risk that permanently radiates from this highly contaminated sediment. Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Henner.Hollert@urz.uniheidelberg.de)     

辽河流域畜禽养殖污染源仿真研究

随着国家对流域水质改善要求的逐渐提高,流域污染源管理变得日益重要。提出了一种基于CPNTOOLS的辽河流域畜禽养殖行业污染源仿真技术,并采用CPNTOOLS软件对辽河流域内一家典型畜禽养殖基地进行了仿真研究,经过多次仿真与数据统计分析,分别得出了该畜禽养殖基地的CODCr,BOD5,NH3-N,TP,TN日排放量的正态分布均值在90%,95%,99%置信水平下的置信区间,并结合排水量分别计算出各污染物指标排放浓度的区间。结合BAT处理技术对污染物浓度削减进行了计算仿真,并得出了处理后CODCr,BOD5,NH3-N,TP,TN排放浓度的正态分布均值在90%,95%,99%置信水平下的置信区间以及排放浓度的极大值和极小值。     

广东一饮用水源地河流沉积物及鱼体中氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素残留特征研究

本研究对广东一饮用水源保护区的河流氟喹诺酮类(Fluoroquinolones,FQs)抗生素进行分析.采用高效液相色谱法定性定量分析9个沉积物样品和5种鱼肉及1种鱼内脏中3种FQs—诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin,NOR)、环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin,CIP)、恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin,ENR)的残留特征,并与沉积物中有机质、总氮、总磷进行Person相关性分析.结果表明:河流沉积物各点平均值NORCIPENR,最大含量分别为:NOR248.25 ng·g-1,CIP 158.69 ng·g-1,ENR 56.81 ng·g-1;FQs和沉积物有机质、总磷相关系数平均为0.946、0.968(p0.01);5种鱼的鱼肉中FQs的含量可能高于或低于沉积物中FQs含量均值;鳙鱼内脏FQs含量是鱼肉中的3.21~9.53倍.研究结果对保障饮用水安全及水产品生态安全具有重要的意义.     

松花江流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数构建及其适用性

利用生物完整性指数评价河流健康状态,对于水环境管理决策具有重要的实践意义。基于大型底栖动物构建生物完整性指数(B-IBI),并评价松花江流域的水生态系统健康状况。在松花江主要干支流设定37个采样点,分别于2016年6、9月进行环境因子和大型底栖动物调查研究。最终从28个候选参数中确定了种类总数、摇蚊种类数、敏感种百分比、Hilsenhoff指数、Marglef指数作为核心参数构建B-IBI。通过0～10赋分法,计算得到了松花江流域全部采样点的生物完整性评价得分。结果显示,松花江流域内60%区域生物状态存在不同程度的损害。另外,B-IBI能够综合反映松花江大型底栖动物群落多样性、生境质量、理化水质等,具有一定的适用性。     

太湖西部河湖氮污染物来源及转化途径分析

通过2014年枯水、丰水两期监测,综合分析了太湖西部入湖河流与湖区水体及其沉积物的无机氮形态与同位素特征,并利用δ~(15)N识别了太湖西部上游区氮污染来源及转化途径的生物化学作用机制.结果表明:NO_3~--N与NH_4~+-N为研究区域入湖河流无机氮的主要形态,而NO_3~--N为西部湖区水体无机氮的主要形态;δ~(15)N-NO_3~-的数值范围揭示了西部入湖河流在枯水季NO_3~--N主要来源于农用化肥,有少量矿化土壤有机氮,而丰水季则以生活污水为主,有少量矿化土壤有机氮及农用化肥;δ~(15)N-NH_4~+的数值范围说明了生活污水是河流水体NH_4~+-N的主要来源;通过水体及沉积物样品NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(15)N-NH_4~+的协同分析可知,湖区氮的赋存形态主要受湖区水体硝化作用及沉积物内反硝化作用的影响.     

伊乐藻-固定化氮循环菌技术入湖河道修复研究

从太湖金墅湾水体筛选出包括土著氨化、亚硝化、硝化和反硝化细菌的氮循环菌,固定于多孔性载体内,对伊乐藻-固定化氮循环菌联用技术在秋冬季太湖金墅湾水源地入湖河道水体生态修复效果进行了研究.经室内生态修复模拟与原位围隔实验表明,伊乐藻-固定化氮循环菌联用对水质改善效果要优于单独使用伊乐藻或固定化氮循环菌,该技术对原位入湖河道有效去除率为:总氮5.9%~61.2%,氨氮12.4~70.3%,硝氮6.1%~68.0%,COD 4.2%~78.5%;通过氮循环菌释放可明显提高水体氮循环菌数量,MPN值比对照水体高出3~4个数量级;相关性分析表明,差异性显著(P<0.01).经5个月原位围隔试验表明,伊乐藻-氮循环菌联用技术可有效降低秋冬季入湖河道营养盐负荷,有助于控制湖泊水源地富营养化.     

浐河流域水-土-植物硝酸盐和氮同位素组成及氮源示踪

本文对关中浐河流域河水-土壤-植物的硝酸盐和氮同位素组成进行调查,并与前期对浐河河水氮同位素的结果对比。研究表明：从浐河上游至下游,土壤NO₃^?-N含量表现出：农耕区（43.5 mg???kg^?1）>森林区（3.25 mg???kg^?1）>城市区（0.63 mg???kg^?1）;土壤δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?值表现出：农耕区（18.1‰）>城市区（?1.5‰）>森林区（?5.8‰）;不同的土地利用类型是让其产生变化的重要原因。浐河河水NO₃^?-N含量（3.2?—?6.4 mg???kg^?1）及δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?值（?1.4‰?—?2.1‰）均表现出下游高于上游。相对于前期对浐河河水氮同位素的研究,发现上游和中游水体NO₃^?-N含量整体呈上升趋势,而下游地区NO₃^?-N含量有所下降。结合河流δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?的空间分布特征可以看出源头日渐发达的旅游业和中游农业的发展对水体的污染加重,而下游工业污染的治理效果明显。植物氮同位素变化范围在?4.6‰?—??2.1‰。对浐河周边水-土-植物的氮同位素组成特征和变化研究可以为浐河流域的生态评价和治理提供一定的理论依据。     

流域横向生态补偿政策的水环境效益评估

基于2000~2019年浙江和安徽26个地级市的面板数据,使用合成控制法定量分析新安江3轮横向生态补偿试点政策对其水环境效益的总体性和结构性影响结果表明:政策效果在时间上存在异质性。第1、2轮政策试点显著的提升了新安江流域整体的水环境,但第3轮试点对上游水环境的影响是负的。政策效果在空间上存在异质性。流域横向生态补偿政策使下游的生物多样性价值平均提高了0.068亿元,但使上游生物多样性价值平均降低了0.015亿元。政策效果在结构上存在异质性。通过对水环境效益的结构性分解,发现横向生态补偿政策使新安江流域的水质净化能力价值平均提高了31.874亿元,但使其产品供给价值平均下降了13.402亿元。政策效果存在预期效益。流域横向生态补偿的政策效果在政策正式实施前2年已经出现。     

北京北运河水系水质污染特征及污染来源分析

以北运河水系主要干支流2011年1～12月23项指标的监测数据为依据,采用水质类别法和平均综合污染指数法,对水质污染特征进行综合评价,运用主成分分析和系统聚类分析法,对水质指标主成分以及水质差异进行分类,并进一步对不同干支流污染来源进行分析.结果表明,北运河水系由于排污量大,地表水污染严重,除城市中心区部分河流水质为Ⅲ~Ⅳ类外,城市排水河流、远郊河流水质均为劣Ⅴ类.水质由3个主成分组成,COD、CODMn、BOD5、NH3-N、TP等为第一主成分;汞为第二主成分;石油类为第三主成分.干支流水质分为4类:第1类为清洁水源类河流,主要集中在城市中心区,降雨地表径流、雨污合流管网溢流引起的非点源污染是影响其水质达标的重要污染源;第2类为再生水水源类河流,主要集中在城市排水上游河流,城镇污水处理厂排水是其主要污染源;第3类为再生水与污水混合水源类河流,主要集中在城市排水下游河流及部分远郊区河流,由于城市下游排水管网不健全,远郊区污水集中处理率低,生活源和农业源的污染贡献率较高,水质污染严重;第4类为污水水源类河流,分布于远郊区县,农业污染占比较大,水质污染最严重.     

闸控河段水质多相转化模型

针对闸控河段水质转化机理复杂的特点,提出在“水体-悬浮物-底泥-生物体”界面内开展水质多相转化研究的总体思路,推导了描述各种相态水质之间传质过程的数学表达式,构建了具有一定物理机制的闸控河段水质多相转化模型.结合槐店闸调度影响实验数据,对水质多相转化模型进行了参数识别和验证,进而模拟了不同相态水质成分的时空变化过程.结果发现:来水流量和闸门调度方式使闸上和闸下断面各相水质浓度发生变化,同时影响到藻类的生长和富集状态;闸门调度会改变闸上、闸下河段的水质主导反应机制;由于闸门调度增加了对水体的扰动,水体与外界的物质交换效果增强;在实验前期蓝藻数量的变化主要受水流的迁移作用影响,在后期闸上断面主要受闸门阻隔的影响,闸下断面主要受流速、流量和营养物质浓度改变等作用综合影响.