Behavior of fenhexamid in soil and water

A study was conducted to investigate fenhexamid (FEX) behavior in soil and in water. FEX proved to be rather stable at acid pH but showed slight degradation at neutral and alkaline pH. After 101 days of FEX spiking of a soil sample, 94% at pH 4, 12% at pH 7 and 23% at pH 9 of the active ingredient was still present. In natural water the rate of FEX disappearance appeared to be slow which may be due to abiotic rather than biotic processes. The soil degradation tests showed low persistence of the active ingredient if a good microflora activity is guaranteed (DT₅₀ about 1 day). Moreover, in absence of microorganisms, FEX proved to be stable. Humidities of 25 and 50% of Water Holding Capacity (WHC) influenced in equal measure the rate of degradation. From the same soil, a bacterium was isolated and identified as Bacillus megaterium, which was able to metabolize FEX with the hydroxylation of the cyclohexane ring. Moreover, FEX showed an elevated affinity for humic acid (73%), smectite (31%), and ferrihydrite(20%) and low affinity for vermiculite (11%) and kaolinite (7%).     

高岭土和蒙脱土存在下nC60纳米颗粒稳定性研究

通过沉降实验研究了不同浓度高岭土和蒙脱土分别对富勒烯纳米颗粒（nC₆₀）稳定性的影响,利用沉降模型并结合zeta电位、粒径、SEM、TEM进行原因分析.单体系中nC₆₀的稳定性好,高岭土胶体稳定性差且随浓度增加而降低,蒙脱土胶体稳定性好且与浓度无明显关系.整体上,高岭土和蒙脱土可以降低nC₆₀的稳定性.随着高岭土浓度增加,nC₆₀稳定性显著降低;而蒙脱土对nC₆₀稳定性降低较小且与浓度无明显关系.结果表明,nC₆₀的稳定性由黏土控制,两种黏土在结构和比表面积上的差异,使它们对nC₆₀稳定性影响不同.模型分析表明,一阶沉降模型和修正的一阶沉降模型分别适用于高岭土和蒙脱土参与的胶体沉降过程.该研究可为评估nC₆₀对地下水环境的影响提供重要参考.     

离子强度和胡敏酸影响下不同土壤胶体稳定性研究

土壤胶体的稳定性对其携带污染物的能力产生重要影响,但离子强度和胡敏酸（HA）对不同土壤胶体稳定性的影响程度尚不明确.本实验通过土壤胶体沉降实验以及DLVO理论研究离子强度、HA对黑钙土、潮土和黄壤3种土壤胶体稳定性的影响.结果表明：即使在高离子强度背景下,黑钙土胶体和黄壤胶体因有机质和黏土矿物（黑钙土胶体：伊/蒙混合层;黄壤胶体：伊利石）较高,表面负电荷多、静电斥力大,故稳定性好;而潮土胶体的稳定性受离子强度影响明显,在低离子强度下,静电斥力占主导,稳定性达到最高.HA通过增加土壤胶体表面的负电荷,提高土壤胶体间静电斥力而增强其稳定性,且HA浓度越高土壤胶体的稳定性越强.不同粒径HA对土壤胶体稳定性的影响受pH值控制,相对于大粒径HA,酸性条件下,小粒径HA （F-HA）自身稳定性更强,同时也会自凝聚形成较大的团聚体来提高土壤胶体的稳定性;中、碱性条件下,F-HA产生的链状凸起结构较小,导致空间弹性斥力和渗透性斥力减弱,进而降低土壤胶体的稳定性.结果为明晰离子强度和HA对不同土壤胶体稳定性产生差异性影响提供数据支撑.     

五氯酚在土壤胶体界面的还原转化

提取玄武岩发育的红壤胶体,用恒温厌氧平衡动力学方法,研究土壤胶体界面五氯酚的降解效果,以及外加Fe2+和草酸对五氯酚还原转化的影响. 结果表明,厌氧条件下玄武岩发育赤红壤和砖红壤胶体对五氯酚均具有一定的降解能力,其表观降解速率常数分别为(0.032±0.002)和(0.057±0.003) d-1. 草酸或Fe2+对土壤表面五氯酚的降解均有显著的促进作用. 在探讨土壤胶体对五氯酚的降解能力与其理化性质关系的基础上,说明利用铁氧化物可进行复杂土壤体系中有机氯类污染物的修复.      

黑土胶体对铅的吸附动力学特征

利用虹吸法从采自于吉林省黑土中分别提取出粒级为5~10、2~5和1~2μm的3种胶体,并通过批次实验法研究不同粒级黑土胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学。结果表明,不同粒级土壤胶体对Pb2+的吸附过程均表现为快慢2个阶段,其中,10 min内呈现快速吸附阶段,之后为慢速吸附阶段。3种粒级土壤胶体5~10、2~5和1~2μm在pH为6、温度为25℃时,对Pb2+的饱和吸附量为114.45、126.98和131.89 mmol/kg。随pH从2升到6,粒级为5~10、2~5和1~2μm的3种胶体对Pb2+的饱和吸附量分别增加了928%、153%和142%。随温度从25℃升到55℃,粒级为5~10、2~5和1~2μm的3种胶体对Pb2+的饱和吸附量分别增加了16.56%、4.9%和4.89%。不同粒级胶体对Pb2+的吸附量由大到小依次为:1~2μm2~5μm5~10μm。不同粒级胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学均较好地符合拉格朗日准二级动力学方程,说明该吸附过程以化学吸附为主。准二级动力学吸附速率常数表明,随着吸附剂粒径增大,吸附速率降低。4种温度范围内随着温度升高,吸附速率加快。吸附过程的限速步骤为颗粒间扩散。     

TiO2胶体光催化降解罗丹明B染料

TiO2胶体从钛氧有机物水解制备,表征的方法有:X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、激光散射粒径分布、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子谱(XPS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)。利用罗丹明B染料分子作为探针分子研究TiO2胶体的光催化活性,分析了pH、催化剂用量、外加氧化剂(H2O2)用量及罗丹明B初始浓度对TiO2胶体光催化活性的影响。结果表明:制备的TiO2胶体粒子平均粒径为13.8 nm(激光散法测定),光催化降解罗丹明B染料的反应属于一级动力学反应,可以用Langmuir-Hinshewood模型加以描述,反应速率常数k1为0.08413 mg/(L.min),平衡吸附常数k2为1.5305 L/mg;在pH为6,TiO2胶体用量为0.04%,H2O2(含量30%)用量为0.2%(V/V),光照度为69.6μW/cm2时,5 h后罗丹明B染料的降解率可达到99%以上;相似的条件,0.2%的P25 TiO2粉体光催化处理染料水时,罗丹明B的降解率为90%。纳米TiO2胶体不仅可以提高罗丹明B的光催化降解率,还具有用量少,可有效降低水处理成本的特点。     

Interaction of latex colloids with mineral surfaces and Grimsel granodiorite

Bentonite clay is considered as possible backfill material for nuclear waste repositories in crystalline rock. The same material may also be a source of clay colloids, which may act as carriers for actinide ions possibly released from the repository. Depending on the geochemical parameters, these colloids may be retained by interaction with mineral surfaces of the host rock. In the present study interaction of carboxylated fluorescent latex colloids, used as a model for bentonite colloids, with natural Grimsel granodiorite and some of its component minerals is studied by fluorescence microscopy and SEM/EDX. The experiments are carried out by varying the pH from 2–10. Strong adsorption is observed at pH values close to or below the points of zero charge (pH_pzc) of the mineral surfaces. The influence of Eu(III), used as a chemical homologue for trivalent actinide ions, on colloid adsorption is investigated. Depending on mineral phase and pH, a significant increase of colloid adsorption is observed in the presence of Eu(III).     

径流入渗时土壤胶体释放对重金属截留的影响

以吉林黑土、北京黄土和河北砂土作为模拟下渗柱土壤介质,考察进水pH值、流速和离子强度等条件变化时土壤胶体释放对重金属截留效果的影响,并揭示其主要作用机制.结果表明,土壤胶体与土壤颗粒间静电斥力是影响土壤胶体释放的主要因素,pH值为7.0时黑土、黄土和砂土胶体释放浓度最高,分别为216.5,182.4和272.2mg/L...     

TiO_2胶体光催化降解罗丹明B染料

TiO2胶体从钛氧有机物水解制备,表征的方法有：X射线衍射光谱（XRD）、激光散射粒径分布、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线光电子谱（XPS）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）。利用罗丹明B染料分子作为探针分子研究TiO2胶体的光催化活性,分析了pH、催化剂用量、外加氧化剂（H2O2）用量及罗丹明B初始浓度对TiO2胶体光催化活性的影响。结果表明：制备的TiO2胶体粒子平均粒径为13.8 nm（激光散法测定）,光催化降解罗丹明B染料的反应属于一级动力学反应,可以用Langmuir-Hinshewood模型加以描述,反应速率常数k1为0.08413 mg/（L.min）,平衡吸附常数k2为1.5305 L/mg;在pH为6,TiO2胶体用量为0.04%,H2O2（含量30%）用量为0.2%（V/V）,光照度为69.6μW/cm2时,5 h后罗丹明B染料的降解率可达到99%以上;相似的条件,0.2%的P25 TiO2粉体光催化处理染料水时,罗丹明B的降解率为90%。纳米TiO2胶体不仅可以提高罗丹明B的光催化降解率,还具有用量少,可有效降低水处理成本的特点。     

Laboratory migration experiments with radionuclides and natural colloids in a granite fracture

Natural colloids in groundwater could facilitate radionuclide transport, provided the colloids are mobile, are present in sufficient concentrations and can adsorb radionuclides. This paper describes the results of a laboratory migration study carried out with combinations of radionuclides and natural colloids within a fracture in a large granite block to experimentally determine the impact of colloids on radionuclide transport. The 85Sr used in this study is an example of a moderately sorbing radionuclide, while the 241Am is typical of a strongly sorbed radionuclide with very low solubility. The natural colloids used in this study were isolated from granite groundwater from Atomic Energy of Canada (AECL) Underground Research Laboratory (URL), and consisted of mostly 1-10 nm organic colloids, along with lesser amounts of 10-450 nm colloids (organics and aluminosilicates). The measured coefficients for radionuclide sorption onto these colloids were between 3 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(3) ml/g for 85Sr, and between 7 x 10(4) and 7 x 10(5) mg/l for 241Am. The 85Sr sorption on the natural colloids appeared to be reversible. Migration experiments in the granite block were carried out by establishing a flow field between two boreholes (out of a total of nine) intersecting a main horizontal fracture. These experiments showed that dissolved 85Sr behaved as a moderately sorbing tracer, while dissolved 241Am was completely adsorbed by the fracture surfaces and showed no evidence of transport. However, when natural colloids were injected together with dissolved 241Am, a small amount of 241Am transport was observed, demonstrating the ability of natural colloids to facilitate the transport of radionuclides with low solubility. Natural colloids had only a minor effect on the transport of 85Sr. In a separate experiment to test the effect of higher colloid concentrations on 85Sr migration, synthetic colloids were produced from Avonlea bentonite. The introduction of a relatively high concentration of bentonite colloids actually reduced 85Sr transport because, compared to natural colloids, the bentonite colloids were less mobile and they sorbed 85Sr more strongly.