城市空气质量中长期预报的探讨

江苏省环境空气质量预报工作已开展多年,在这几年的预报工作中,发现现在使用的对未来24 h空气质量预报的方式上存在一些问题,从而限制空气质量预报发挥应有的作用.改进预报方式,在现有的空气质量预报的基础上,开展城市空气质量的中长期预报,有利于各级政府及环境管理部门,提前采取必要的措施,减少或控制污染的产生,从而避免城市空气污染事件的发生,以保护城市居民的身体健康.     

Influence of conservation tillage on winter bird use of arable fields in Hungary

Bird use of conservation tillage-established (CT—seedbed preparation without soil inversion) crops was assessed at two adjacent sites in western Hungary, in comparison with conventionally established (mouldboard ploughed—P) fields. Bird abundance was assessed in a typical rotation of spring-sown maize and winter wheat in three consecutive winters. In the first winter, several species and the guild of seed-eating passerines were significantly more abundant on CT established plots, in both crop types. In the second winter, only starlings were more abundant on CT plots. In the third winter, only skylarks favoured CT over P plots. In combination with agri-environment scheme measures designed to provide resources for biodiversity, conservation tillage could play a role in softening the impact of agriculture on farmland birds in Hungary and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, in addition to its potential for reducing soil erosion and diffuse pollution.     

Climate anomalies, Indonesian vegetation fires and terrestrial carbon emissions

There was a widespread misconception about the causes of vegetation and land fires in Indonesia. At a certain point, the public perceived that fires and the associated haze pollution were primarily caused by smallholders' agricultural activities. In fact, there was a variety of land-use activities including large-scale land clearing following deforestation for further land development. El Niño events and the associated dry weather were sometimes quoted by officials and the media as the cause of fires. The fire episodes from 1980 to 2000 were analysed in connection with climate anomalies and the implementation of land-use policies related to forest conversions. The analysis employs long-term climatic and sea surface temperature data to reconstruct climate distributions and anomalies including Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Outgoing Long-wave Radiation (OLR). In this study, the terrestrial carbon emissions from vegetation fires were estimated based on official statistical data on area burnt. The possible incentives for sustainable land management were discussed in the light of fire prevention. The underlying cause neglected in the discussion of Indonesian vegetation fires was forest and land development policy. Legitimated in the early 1980s, it drove massive forest conversions and the use of fires for land clearing. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provided dry weather suitable for biomass burning and widespread fire, but it was hardly the cause of fires. The estimate of area burnt in the big fires in 1997 was about 11.6 Mha, resulting in carbon release of 1.45 Gt, equivalent to 0.73 ppmv of CO₂, or almost half the annual global atmospheric CO₂ growth. Based on the current carbon market price such emissions by the 1997 fire episode were worth around US$ 3.6 billion.     

陡坡地灌桑垄槽栽培研究

陡坡地灌桑垄槽栽培研究结果,免除土壤侵蚀的危害,其５０ｃｍ、１００ｃｍ土壤中,比对照区持水量高１０.２０％～３３.６７％、８.２７％～６５.３７％,含全氮率为对照的９０％,含全磷率高２.９％、２６.２％,含全钾率高３.１８％、８.０１％,而水解氮均为对照的６１.５％,速效磷高较对照３９.０２％、９７.７２％,速效钾为对照的９１.４８％、９２.５４％。公顷产桑叶量和蚕茧量均较对照高５～１０倍,经济效益较对照高１１.８８倍。     

环境监测是环境监理的技术基础

环境监测和环境监理工作的工作对象、内容、目标、对时、空的要求和所依据的法规、标准都是一致的。要协调的二者的关系，最重要的是建立“四个衔接”的双向工作秩序。     

建材资源开发的生态环境补偿费探讨

应用新的资源价值观念与环境经济学中ＭＯＣ框架及其它理论，给出了建材资源的生态环境补偿费的定义与确定方法，建立了相应的理论模型。在此基础上，根据不同地区的经济发展水平与环境现状等实现情况，用认可系数对计算的补偿费进行修正。     

生态环境科学研究中的数据管理

本文简要介绍了生态环境科学研究中数据管理的基本概念，详细介绍了数据文档文件的建立工并讨论了数据管理的数据共享政策在数据管理中的重要作用。     

鄂西的硒资源及其开发战略研究

湖北省西南部有二叠系茅口组富硒碳质硅质岩和碳质页岩广泛出露。岩石、土壤和富硒土壤上生长的玉米含硒量最高分别达到8.390、354和40(mg/kg)。作者对这一硒资源的价值进行了评估,并对其开发战略进行了探讨。     

吉林省天然矿泉水资源基本特征与开发战略

本文在分析矿泉水形成的地质背景基础上,论述了全省碳酸矿泉水以游离Co₂、偏硅酸含量高,尤其矿化度高,并富含锶、锂、锌为基本特征;硅酸矿泉水以含锶的淡矿泉水为基本特征。全省矿泉水分布广泛、泉点集中、资源丰富、水质优良、类型齐全,具有广阔的开发前景。近期火山活动与活动断裂是矿泉水形成机制的两种类型。各火山群与活动断裂带是寻找矿泉水新产地的有望地段。     

趋利除弊,不断深化对我国水资源的认识

我国水资源有诸多特点,除某些不利因素外,还具有水资源可利用性较好,河流径流利用率高,少水区地下水赋存条件好,贫水区中存在相对富水区,有取之不尽的海水等有利因素。应结合本国水资源特点,趋利除弊,不断完善对水资源管理,使有限水资源更好满足经济发展和人民生活的需求。