鄱阳湖水体悬浮有机质碳氮同位素分布特征及来源探讨

通过对鄱阳湖及其入湖河流(赣江、抚河、信江、修水及饶河)水体悬浮有机质碳、氮同位素含量的测定,分析了鄱阳湖及其入湖河流水体悬浮有机质碳同位素(δ13CPOM)和氮同位素(δ15NPOM)时空分布特征,探讨了其水体悬浮有机质和氮素来源.结果表明,鄱阳湖区枯水期δ13CPOM、δ15NPOM值分布范围分别为-26.59‰~-24.91‰(n=9)和5.88‰~17.49‰(n=9),丰水期分别为-27.10‰~-25.88‰(n=9)和2.99‰~19.69‰(n=9);入湖河流水体枯水期δ13CPOM、δ15NPOM值变化范围分别为-27.79‰~-25.22‰(n=6)和2.87‰~9.26‰(n=6),丰水期分别为-28.07‰~-26.02‰(n=6)和2.12‰~8.75‰(n=6).有机质来源分析表明:C3植物是鄱阳湖区及其入湖河流水体悬浮有机质的主要来源;而氮素来源比较复杂,在不同季节和不同的地点也不尽相同,生活污水、化肥及其土壤流失氮是鄱阳湖区水体悬浮颗粒物氮素的3种主要来源;化肥、陆源有机质及其土壤流失氮是其入湖河流水体悬浮颗粒物氮素的3种主要来源.     

夏季滇池不同来源溶解性有机磷特征及其生物有效性

夏季选取了滇池不同来源(滇池湖体、入湖河流和大气降雨)水样,研究了其溶解性有机磷(DOP)含量及分布特征,并利用酶水解技术表征了其DOP生物有效性.结果表明,滇池湖体、入湖河流和大气降雨DOP浓度分别在0.001~0.117,0.002~1.722,0.006~0.112mg/L(平均0.027,0.197,0.037mg/L),分别占溶解性总磷(DTP)的18.3%~92.5%,4.2%~100%,25.4%~100%(平均55.3%,60%,58.9%),不同来源DTP均以DOP为主,入湖河流DOP浓度明显高于滇池湖体和大气降雨.不同来源DOP酶可水解磷(EHP)浓度分别为n.d.~0.058,n.d.~0.673,n.d.~0.031mg/L(平均0.017,0.064,0.010mg/L),分别占DOP的0%~127.5%,0%~105.6%,0%~55.6%(平均77.9%,38.7%,23.2%).不同来源DOP酶水解率(EHP/DOP)较高,滇池湖体DOP酶水解率明显高于入湖河流和大气降雨.不同来源DOP时空分布特征明显,且其生物有效性存在较大差异.其中,滇池湖体EHP以活性单酯磷和类植酸磷为主,入湖河流和大气降雨EHP以活性单酯磷为主,尤其是大气降雨二酯磷和类植酸磷含量较少,滇池湖体、入湖河流和大气降雨DOP生物有效性依次降低.不同来源DOP是与溶解性反应磷(SRP)同等规模的生物可利用磷源,二者共同维持了滇池富营养化.滇池治理要从全流域出发,考虑不同来源各形态磷对水质的影响.     

流域污染负荷解析与环境容量研究

以安徽省太平湖流域为例,运用监测、统计数据以及排污系数法对流域内8种污染源的污染排放情况进行全面解析,结合一维水质模型、沃伦威得尔模型以及狄龙模型等水质模型的应用,在流域水质监测的基础上核算了太平湖及主要入湖河流的水环境容量.结果表明, 2011年,太平湖流域污染物入湖量为:COD 3863.75t/a, NH3-N 410.24t/a, TP 51.63t/a;城镇和农村生活污染为太平湖流域的主要污染源,约占流域入湖污染物总量的60%;麻川河和浦溪河流域的污染最严重;流域污染物的排放在空间上呈现较为明显的区域分布,经济发达区域污染相对较严重.在当前水质目标下,太平湖仍有相当大的可用容量;浦溪河、秧溪河和舒溪河流域的氨氮和总磷排放量接近环境容量,需进行总量控制及削减.     

生物修复微污染水源除有机物研究

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物接触氧化工艺修复受污染的某水源原水,进行去除有机污染物的研究.结果表明,在夏秋季水温23～28℃的条件下,当污染水源CODMn为6～11 mg/L、色度为30～40和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.2 h、气：水（g/w）为0.5：1、DO为7～9 mg/L时,CODMn去除率为22%～36%;在冬季低水温10～16℃的条件下,当污染水源CODMn为6～10 mg/L、色度为32～35度和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.2 h、g/w为0.5：1、DO为8～10 mg/L时,CODMn去除率为10%～23%.     

Discovery of novel halogenase genes using sequence-driven metagenomics approach北大核心CSCD

It is of great significance to ability to obtain new natural products with diverse activities through the study of soil microorganisms. However, less than 1% of the total soil microorganisms can be cultured under laboratory conditions, thus limiting the discovery of new compounds. Metagenomics, by which the genomic DNA of soil microorganisms can be extracted and expressed in heterologous hosts, provides a new approach for the functional study of soil microorganisms. Natural halides have good bioactivities, including antibacterial and antitumor activities. Halogenases play an important role in biosynthesis, and introducing bioactivities of halogenated compounds. To investigate the potential of halogenated compounds production from soil microorganisms, a soil metagenomic library was screened by PCR for clones harboring reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) - dependent halogenase genes. Sixty-five positive clones were identified from the library, and the amino acid sequences of halogenase genes within the positive clones were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that more than 85% of these genes were separated from known halogenases to form new clades in the phylogenetic tree; moreover the soilderived halogenases showed high diversity. By further biosynthetic gene analysis of the positive clones, a new type I polyketide biosynthetic gene sequence was identified, which is probably related to the biosynthesis of the halogenated type I polyketide. In conclusion, novel and diverse halogenase genes were identified on sixty-five metagenomic clones using a sequence-driven metagenomic approach, laying a foundation for the further discovery of novel natural halides biosynthetic gene clusters and halides. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Government liabilities for disaster risk in industrialized countries: a case study of Australia

This paper explores sovereign risk preferences against direct and indirect natural disasters losses in industrialized countries. Using Australia as a case study, the analysis compares expected disaster losses and government capacity to finance losses. Utilizing a national disaster loss dataset, extreme value theory is applied to estimate an all-hazard annual loss distribution. Unusually but critically, the dataset includes direct as well as indirect losses, allowing for the analysis to consider the oft-ignored issue of indirect losses. Expected annual losses (direct, and direct plus indirect) are overlaid with a risk-layer approach, to distinguish low, medium and extreme loss events. Each risk layer is compared to available fiscal resources for financing losses, grounded in the political reality of Australian disaster financing. When considering direct losses only, we find support for a risk-neutral preference on the part of the Australian government for low and medium loss levels, and a risk-averse preference in regard to extreme losses. When indirect losses are also estimated, we find that even medium loss levels are expected to overwhelm available fiscal resources, thereby violating the available resources assumption underlying arguments for sovereign risk neutrality. Our analysis provides empirical support for the assertion that indirect losses are a major, under-recognised concern for industrialized countries. A risk-averse preference in regard to medium and extreme loss events recommends enhanced investment in both corrective and prospective risk reduction in relation to these risks level, in particular to reduce indirect losses.     

WATER QUALITY IN MOUNTAIN RECREATIONAL AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Several seasons of water quality study in the eastern Sierra Nevada have provided much useful information. One study element focused in detail on a representative drainage: Bishop Creek, from sampled locations at 12,800 feet to the Owens River at 4,000 feet. Sub-studies ranged from geohydrology, through chemical and bacterial quality, to benthic ecology. A coordinated study also was made of spatial patterns of use. A second element focused on non-point source monitoring the length of the Inyo National Forest. From physical, chemical, and bacterial standpoints, water quality is generally very good. Strains of pathogenic bacteria have been confirmed, and substantial further work to establish the importance of their presence is needed. Recreational use survey results have been analyzed to produce a methodology permitting management of the resource as needed. In addition, basic policy recommendations to easily minimize risk have been developed.     

NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CROP CANOPY THROUGHFALL PRECIPITATION IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient contents of canopy throughfall precipitation (TFP) from fertilized and unfertilized crops were analyzed and compared to determine the importance of fertilization on this source of nutrients in runoff. Continuous barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat plots, that had been unfertilized since 1941 and divided and half fertilized since 1959, were studied. TFP soluble PO₄, total PO₄, and soluble K amounts were usually larger from fertilized plots in comparison to unfertilized ones but the differences usually were not significant. NH₄-N and NO₃-N may have been adsorbed from precipitation by corn canopies.     

Flood and avalanche hazard in Colorado: Political implications of the new federalism

This article examines the likely impacts of the United States' new federalism on natural hazard land use management in Colorado. Flood and avalanche hazard programs are the focus of the study Both short- and long-term effects of changes in funding are discussed, and the conclusions summarize probable positive and negative program impacts for the state. These results may help researchers and state authorities mitigate similar effects in their states prior to the enactment of new federalism.     

Forest Health,Collective Behaviors,and Management

This study compares community-based managed forests under different purposes of management, namely, state-driven conservation or community-designed utilization in two villages located in the Sopsai watershed, Nan Province, northern Thailand. The forest health under different intensity of uses is assessed in association with the collective behaviors and long-term purposes embedded in village social–cultural context. The study found no significant differences in forest succession and proportion in diameter at 1.3 m (dbh) class and height-class distribution of the forest under different use intensity. The forest for utilization also showed higher density and basal area of the local preferred species than the conservation forest. In the utilization forest, we also found a higher number of multipurpose and preferred species than in the conservation forest, which actually responded to the needs of the community in the long term to have more wood products (both firewood and timbers). The community-based forest management (CBFM) for utilization can also lead to natural regeneration and biodiversity similar to conservation forests. Through CBFM, forest resources can be managed to maintain the healthy condition under different intensities and respond to both community needs and external expectation. The findings also emphasize the importance of recognizing community needs and management objectives in watershed restoration and improving the productivity of forests under collective management.