合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系

年8—9月在合肥市郊对ρ(PM₁₀)进行了观测,并分析了其中9种水溶性离子(NO₂-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)质量浓度. 结果表明:采样期间该地区ρ(PM₁₀)日均值为78.9 μg/m3,9种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度为18.93 μg/m3,占ρ(PM₁₀)的26.6%,表明水溶性组分是PM₁₀的重要组成之一. SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+和Ca2+是主要的阴、阳离子,日均质量浓度分别为8.14、4.81、3.46和1.33 μg/m3. 不同RH(相对湿度)下PM₁₀对能见度的影响不同,RH小于80%时,二者呈显著的线性负相关〔R(相关系数)为-0.80〕;RH大于80%时,二者呈指数负相关(R为-0.48). 离子间相关性分析显示,PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要结合方式为(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄、NH₄NO₃、KCl及K₂SO₄. 采样期间ρ(NO₃-)/ρ(SO₄2-)平均值为0.59,说明在该地区固定源对水溶性组分的贡献大于移动源. 另外,扬尘也是PM₁₀重要来源之一.      

三十年来中国自然资源学会的发展与展望

中国自然资源学会迎来了30周年的大喜日子。论文系统地回顾了30 a来学会的发展历程,分析了存在的主要问题,对未来发展前景进行了展望。30 a来,学会经历了开创、发展和壮大的不同阶段,在为国家经济社会发展提供重要的资源科技支撑的同时,不断丰富资源科学研究的实践经验,并初步建立了中国特色的资源科学理论和方法体系框架。目前,学会已经拥有5 000多名会员、16个专业委员会、3个工作委员会、6个省级学会,成为中国科协下属的全国201个科技社团中的优秀学会之一。通过了国家民政部组织的中国社会组织评估并获得全国社会组织4A 级等级证书;获得了中国科协组织评审的优秀科技社团三等奖。但是,一些根本性问题仍然存在,包括:基本确立了资源科学但尚不牢靠;强调资源综合研究但分支学科分散;国内学术交流活跃但国际交流薄弱。未来学会将继续完善现有的理论方法体系,开拓资源学科研究的新领域;加强世界资源研究和国际合作交流;围绕国民经济应用性强的重大资源科学问题开展决策咨询;狠抓学科建设和资源科技人才培养;搭建"自然资源态势分析与学科发展信息平台"。     

中国土地资源研究与学术交流新进展

中国自然资源学会土地资源研究专业委员会成立于1986年6月,石玉林院士担任土地资源研究专业委员会首届主任,肖笃宁研究员担任第二届主任,倪绍祥教授担任第三届主任,刘彦随研究员担任第四届主任至今。在创始人石玉林院士的带领和指导下,在各届专业委员会的精诚团结与共同努力下,中国土地资源研究及其学术交流活动卓有成效,对推进我国土地资源科学研究、学科发展、规划管理和决策实践,发挥了重要的作用。正值中国自然资源学会30周年庆典之际,论文侧重梳理近10多年来,在土地资源研究专业委员会的组织与协调下,中国土地资源研究的主要特点及组织开展学术交流的进展情况,浅谈推进土地资源研究与学术交流的认识和主要体会,简要分析土地资源学科发展前景和亟需深入研究的前沿领域。     

敏感区域目标污染物空间溯源分析

基于SPARROW模型,利用新安江流域2009~2010年60个监测站点的TN浓度数据,以及相关污染源及空间属性数据对流域水质进行模拟分析,结果表明,流域内69%的河段TN模拟浓度可以达到III类及以上水质标准.对跨省界评估断面——街口断面进行TN污染源溯源分析,发现上游各子流域的工业源污染对断面污染总量的贡献比例为7.41%,农业源污染贡献比例为57.52%,生活源污染贡献比例为35.07%,且分别具有不同的空间分布特征,可以考虑使用该方法为以跨界断面污染物浓度控制为目标的相关削减措施的提出提供技术支持.     

福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘重金属含量、来源及其健康风险评价

城市地表灰尘中的重金属已成为城市环境和人类健康最重要的威胁之一. 为评价地表灰尘重金属的污染水平,研究了福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中的重金属质量分数、来源及其可能产生的健康风险. 结果表明:福州市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)和w(Cd)分别是福州市城区土壤的2.74、4.21、4.01和4.68倍. 灰尘中重金属Co、Ni和Mn主要来源于城市土壤,Cd、Pb和Cu来源于交通运输过程,Cr来源于城市土壤和交通运输,Zn主要来源于交通运输、城市生活污染和工业活动等复合污染源. 不同暴露途径的重金属暴露剂量和非致癌风险大小排序为消化道>皮肤接触>呼吸吸入. 地表灰尘中重金属非致癌总风险为儿童高于成人. 致癌重金属的暴露风险为Cd>Ni>Cr. 城市公交枢纽站地表灰尘中重金属污染受交通运输影响较大.      

Complementarity,impatience, and the resilience of natural-resource-dependent economies

We study how society's preferences affect the resilience of economies that depend on more than one type of natural resource. In particular, we analyze whether the degree of complementarity of natural resources in consumer preferences may give rise to multiple steady states and path dependence even when resources are managed optimally. We find that, for a given social discount rate, society tends to be less willing to buffer exogenous shocks if resource good are complements in consumption than if they are substitutes. The stronger the complementarity between the various types of natural resources, the less resilient the economy is, and even more so the higher is the social discount rate.     

Source characterisation and mid-term spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in molluscs along the Basque coast (northern Spain)

The variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured in the soft tissues of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are investigated. Samples were collected from estuarine waters within the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay), between 2003 and 2011. PAH bioaccumulation showed some seasonality and significant differences were observed between cold (autumn–winter) and warm (spring–summer) seasons. Sites located within the ports of Bilbao and Pasaia showed the highest PAH concentrations in molluscs, and the highest percentages of samples above the established Environmental Quality Standards and Environmental Assessment Criteria. Probably due to human activities carried out in the area, no clear trends were observed, between 2003 and 2011, for the autumn data. Since the Basque coast is an area with high population density and industrial activity, the congener profiles (which reveal the predominance of tetra-aromatics) and the diagnostic ratios identified urban/industrial combustion processes as the main PAH sources. However, natural and petrogenic sources cannot be disregarded.     

Landbased Pollution Sources and Marine Environmental Quality in the Caribbean

Abstract

The near shore coastal and marine environment of several Caribbean islands is their most biologically productive and economically important zone. However, almost all landbased activities possess the real potential of degrading the quality of near shore waters and ultimately diminishing the utility of the marine resource. This condition is largely attributed to the individual smallness of the islands and their geographic proximity to each other.

Available sanitary water quality data from across the region indicated that while recreational areas are in general safe for water contact activities, bacterial densities in excess of several international criteria are consistently recorded in harbours. Organochlorine pesticide residues were generally in the 5 ng l^?1 range in unfiltered sea water but were significantly higher (1–100) ng g^?1 in limited samples of sediment and biota. Additional data requirements to gain further insight into the current state of the Caribbean environment are also identified.

A summary of the major land based sources of marine pollution (including sewage, industrial effluents and agricultural run-off) in the insular Caribbean is presented.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in dated environmental samples,and their connection to known sources

This article investigates available environmental data from measurements of the everywhere present contaminants polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in dated trends in sediment, soil and herbage from locales in Europe and North America. The PCDD/F data are examined in relation to potential major PCDD/F sources based on volume: wood and coal, example of natural combustion; pentachlorophenol (PnCP), example of chlorinated aro‐matics; and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, example of chlorinated aliphatic. Collected PCDD/F data of congener sums and 2, 3, 7, 8‐substituted congener (PCDD/F profiles) have been investigated with multivariate methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares projection to latent structures model (PLS). The results show that PCDD/F data from 12 locales can be separated in one to three independent profiles. Normally one profile is related to the PCDD/F found in PnCP and another to combustion. A subtype of the ‘PnCP’ and ‘combustion’ profiles indicates PCDD/F contributions from PVC‐related combustions. The environmental profiles exhibit some differences from the suggested sources. The relatively unprotected PCDD/F related to PnCP is suggested to have passed photolytic and/or thermal dechlorinations. Lower‐chlorinated congeners in environmental profiles related to combustion appear to have been influenced by environmental distribution processes. PCDD/F data before industrial production of chlorinated organics have only limited similarity to PCDD/F in technical PnCP profiles; an average 4.6% of the PCDD/F is related to PnCP. This suggests that PnCP similarity in recent deposition profiles cannot be a result of environmental transformation. The average proportion of PnCP‐related PCDD/F profile in recent depositions is 35% with North America high (average 57%) and Europe low (average 24%).     

The ecological footprint from a systems perspective of sustainability

Summary

The Ecological Footprint (EF) is a method for estimating the biologically productive area necessary to support current consumption patterns, given prevailing technical and economic processes. By comparing human impact with the planet's limited bioproductive area. this method tests a basic ecological condition for sustainability. The ecological footprint has gained popularity for its pedagogical strength as it expresses the results of its analysis in spatial units that can easily be communicated. Many EF estimates have been performed on a global, national and sulrnationallevel. In this paper. we review the method and critically assess it from a sustainability perspective based on first order principles. We examine: ? Which aspects of sustainability are already covered by existing EF assessments;

? Which further aspects ofsustainability could be made accountable through the EF (such as areas needed to assimilate waste streams that are not yet accounted for in present assessments); and

? Those aspects ofsustainability that cannot be accountable through the EF. Thereby needing complimentary auditing tools.

Since the EF is a measure of renewable biocapacity, we argue that some dimensions of ecological sustainability should not be included in the EF. These include human activities that should be phased out to obtain sustainability, such as emissions of persistent compounds foreign to nature and qualitative aspects that represent secondary uses of ecological areas and do not, therefore, occupy a clearly identifiable additional ecological space. We also conclude that the EF is useful for documenting the overall human use or abuse of the potentially renewable functions and services of nature. Particularly, by aggregating in a consistentway a varity of human impacts, it can effectively identify the scale of the human economy by companson with the size of the biosphere.