国外固定源VOCs排放控制法规与标准研究

对美国、欧盟、日本的固定源VOCs排放控制法规和标准进行了研究,提出了我国VOCs排放控制及其标准制订建议.笔者认为,应从健全VOCs排放标准体系、创新VOCs排放控制思路、提高VOCs排放控制效率、统一VOCs监测考核方法几方面入手,借鉴国外成功的环境管理思路和经验,以及相应法规、标准要求,走出一条适合我国的简便高效的VOCs控制之路.     

水源地周边风险源风险监控等级判定研究——以镇江征润州水源地为例

以镇江市征润州水源地为例,针对目前存在的工业源众多导致的事故模拟工作量大,码头源难以进行事故模拟等问题,提出基于常规风险影响的水源地周边风险源风险监控等级判定方法。从风险源与水源地沿岸线方向距离、垂直岸线方向距离和上下游关系3方面提出反映风险源相对于水源地位置敏感性的位置敏感指数的计算方法,再以风险源位置敏感性结合风险源风险,确定风险源对水源地的常规风险影响,继而判定水源地周边风险源的风险监控等级。结果表明,征润州水源地周边优先重点监控风险源有4个,主要集中在水源地上游丹徒经济开发区内,水源地下游及对岸12个风险源为低频监控等级,其他24个风险源为优先监控和一般监控等级。     

珠三角某高校室内灰尘重金属含量水平、来源及其健康风险评价

以佛山一高校为研究对象,采集教工区和学习区共30个样点的室内灰尘,测定灰尘中8种重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,采用Spearman相关系数、主成分分析、美国EPA风险评价模型,探析了室内灰尘重金属污染程度、来源,并评估了重金属对人体可能的健康风险.结果表明,相对于广东省土壤背景值,室内灰尘8种重金属污染严重;与国内其他城市相比,室内灰尘金属含量处于较高水平,Hg除外;8种金属含量在教工区和学习区无显著性差异.室内灰尘8种金属存在相似的来源,Hg主要来源于室外人为源,其余金属主要来源于室内人为源.非致癌日均暴露量为手-口接触摄入量皮肤吸收量呼吸摄入量,手-口摄入是室内灰尘重金属暴露的主要途径;除个别样点Cr非致癌风险1、致癌风险值达10-6外,多数样点8种重金属非致癌风险1,4种致癌重金属呼吸途径致癌风险未达10-6,对人体不会造成健康危害.打印机/复印机、仪器设备等是室内重金属的重要污染源和风险源,应采取一定的防护措施降低人体暴露风险.     

跨区域灭火救援力量调集模型研究

根据当前我国消防力量配置及灭火救援的现状,在对区域内重大危险源进行灭火救援力量需求分析的基础上,以动态灭火救援圈理论为指导,遵循时间距离最短、同一行政区优先、战斗编成等级优先、类型适应以及力量调集比例限定等原则,构建基于区域重大危险源灭火救援力量需求分析,并以灭火救援战斗编成为基本单位的跨区域灭火救援力量调集模型,该模型可为消防指挥员跨区域调集灭火救援力量提供重要的决策依据。     

潮白河密云水库流域自然景观的分级和评价

应用卫星遥感技术对潮白河密云水库流域的自然景观进行了自然度分级,并利用景观自然度指数、景观退化程度指数和景观重建程度指数对自然景观进行了评价。结果是研究区景观中度退化,重建程度中等,呈半自然状态。区内景观状态的优劣顺序为:兴隆、怀柔、密云、延庆、滦平、丰宁、崇礼、赤城、沽源。      

Conservation and management-oriented ecological research in the coastal zone of Baja California, Mexico

This paper presents the main results of two studies of contrasting natural and man-induced conditions along the Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico), based on the assumption that ecological insight can be obtained from man-induced modifications insofar as relevant activities are explicitly addressed as parts of the systems under study. The study is concerned with a fragmented coastal succulent-sage scrub and showed that several patches of different size and age may harbor as many species as non-fragmented areas, and that 83% of the original species assemblage persisted in the fragments, in which the invasion by opportunistic exotic species may not progress beyond certain limits. The study of dune-backed and urban-backed beaches showed a significantly greater abundance of the Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) at the dune-backed beach, where a much more active back-shore feeding of adult birds and the only evidences of breeding occurred. Both studies refer to landscape features of regional concern and its results may be used in conservation management. The results on fragmented coastal succulentsage scrub may encourage alternative urban designs that keep patches of the original landscape, thus meeting existing requirements of low density urban development for most of the coastal succulent-sage scrub area. The evidence presented on the negative effects of dune destruction on the abundance, feeding and reproductive performance of a threatened bird species has a bearing on the topic of biodiversity management. It may also contribute to the conservation of the coastal dunes system.     

Mapping non-conventional atmospheric drinking-water harvesting opportunities in Central Eurasia: The case of Kazakhstan

Drinking water scarcity is becoming an urgent problem worldwide, and it affects developing and developed countries alike. Kazakhstan is not an exception and has its primary sources of drinking water (groundwater, rivers, and lakes) continuously depleted and polluted; moreover, the country will be close to its exploitation limits within the following decades. However, modern technologies allow us to harvest drinking water from unintegrated sources, like the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to research which non-conventional technologies can be used to obtain drinking water from unintegrated sources for the country, considering the cost, viability of use through the year, and local climate conditions. Thus, the present assessment was performed for the 14 demographic regions in Kazakhstan and two city-states, and a map depicting the most feasible technology for each region is presented, including their levelized cost per liter. Seven mature technologies were found to be feasible in Kazakhstani year-round climates. However, Air AW₃ technology and Artificial Glaciers (AG) were the most cost-effective for family-size and village-size solutions, respectively. The water provided via utility pipelines proved to be the most cost-effective manner, when available, to supply drinking water at a family-size scale, but found a less expensive competitor in the AG technology for village-size solutions. Moreover, the lack of utility water pipelines in some Kazakhstani regions, principally countryside rural areas, makes it vital to deploy and implement these alternative water-harvesting technologies to guarantee the future water security of these regions.     

3株甲醛转化霉菌的碳源利用特性

研究了3株甲醛转化霉菌Trichoderma viride H1, Penicillium javanicum H2, Aspergillus flavus H4在不同碳源条件下对甲醛的转化特性.结果表明,3菌株都能利用4种复合碳源(0.1%甲醛+10%蔗糖,0.1%甲醛+10%麦芽糖,0.1%甲醛+10%淀粉,0.1%甲醛+10%葡萄糖)并转化甲醛,其转化率分别在99.6%、74.9%、99.3%以上,且都能以甲醛为唯一碳源并转化甲醛,其转化率分别为88.4%、64.1%、63.0%.菌株H1测到菌丝干重的增长.     

上海北部郊区土壤多环芳烃含量及来源分析

为研究上海北部郊区农田土壤的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量特征,野外采集表层土壤样品,通过室内分析方法测定了土壤中16种PAHs的含量.结果表明,在研究区土壤中16种优控PAHs总含量(w(PAH₁₆₎)为203.8～6　753.9 ng/g, 平均值为1　172.7 ng/g. 相对于荷兰的土壤修复目标值而言,上海北部郊区部分地块农田表层土壤PAHs含量偏高.说明研究区农田土壤已经受到了一定程度的PAHs污染.根据不同环数PAHs的相对丰度法和PAHs组分的浓度比值法判断,上海北部郊区表层土壤中的PAHs主要来源于石油和煤等化石燃料的高温燃烧及汽车尾气排放等燃烧源.      

Possible Input of Nitrogen of Visitors’ Origin on a Protected Peatland

The Ozegahara peatland, in the Nikko-Oze National Park in Japan, is ecologically significant because of its oligotrophic environment; it is one of the most strictly preserved areas in the country. The isotope ratio of nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) and carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and C/N ratio of peat moss (Sphagnum spp.) and sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) in the peatland were analyzed. The correlation of the isotope ratio with some parameters (sundew population density, number of trapped insects, water level, bog myrtle coverage, and visitor density) was investigated. The nitrogen isotope ratio of sundew showed the most significant covariation with visitor density, where sundew from lunch areas or along busy walkways showed a higher nitrogen isotope ratio. The nitrogen isotope ratio of peat moss covaried, not only with route traffic frequency but also with water level, bog myrtle coverage, and number of trapped insects by sundew, indicating that factors other than the visitor level influence the local nitrogen cycle. This study suggests that the nitrogen imported into the peatland by visitors is a principal factor to be monitored for the maintenance of the natural environment.