我国群发性尘肺病和职业中毒案例分析及对策探讨

为有效预防和控制我国群发性职业损害，并为相关政策制定提供参考，对国内近30年文献记载的77个典型职业健康损害案例进行了统计分析，统计结果表明:群发性尘肺病主要集中于金属矿山、煤矿行业中小微型用人单位；群发性职业中毒多发生在电池制造、化工、鞋和箱包制造等用人单位。在典型案例原因分析的基础上，对有效落实用人单位职业病防治主体责任、完善工伤保险制度、建立健全相关制度等方面提出建议。     

Establishment of control site baseline data for erosion studies using radionuclides: a case study in East Slovenia

The aim of the present study was to establish a reference site and its soil characteristics for use of fallout radionuclides in erosion studies in Slovenia. Prior to this study, no reference site and baseline data existed for Slovenia for this purpose. In the agricultural area of Gori?ko in East Slovenia, an undisturbed forest situated in Šalamenci (46°44’N, 16°7’E), was selected to establish the inventory value of fallout ¹³⁷Cs and to establish a baseline level of multi-elemental fingerprint (major, minor, trace elements including heavy metals) and naturally occurring radionuclides in soils. A total of 20 soil profiles were collected at four 10 cm depth increments for evaluation of baseline level of ¹³⁷Cs inventory. An exponential distribution for ¹³⁷Cs was found and the baseline level inventory was established at 7300 ± 2500 Bq m⁻² with a coefficient of variation of 34%. Of this mean present-day inventory, approximately 45% is due to the Chernobyl contribution.The physical degradation of soils through erosion is linked with biochemical degradation. This study introduces an approach to establishment of the naturally occurring radionuclide and elemental fingerprints baseline levels at a reference site which can provide comparative data to those from neighbouring agricultural fields for assessment of soil redistribution magnitude using fallout radionuclides. In addition, this information will be used to determine the impact of soil erosion processes and agricultural practices on soil quality and redistribution within agricultural landscapes in Slovenia.     

江苏省含低放射性废渣清洁解控技术规范探讨

以江苏省稀土行业废渣实际情况为背景,基于国内外对天然放射性物质(NORM)的管理限值水平,通过理论研究和模型构建,建立了废渣中放射性核素质量活度与现场γ剂量率之间的关系。通过现场实验和样品γ谱核素分析结果进行模型修正,在留有足够安全冗余的情况下确定现场γ剂量率筛选水平,并提出了一套操作性较强的NORM废物γ剂量率筛选现场检验程序。     

尾矿库伴生放射性污染清除水平估算研究

通过RESRAD程序模拟估算了某尾矿库伴生放射性污染清除水平,同时对尾矿库中的232 Th模拟估算参数进行设定,并对剂量约束限值的确定、照射情景分析、照射途径设定、模式参数设定、计算机模拟估算清除水平及估算结果分析等进行了分析研究。结果表明,此尾矿库中232 Th及其长寿命子体所致最大年有效剂量约为10.7mSv/a,超出了预设的0.25mSv/a的剂量约束限值;致癌风险0.023 5,远超出人们的可接受水平;当在剂量约束限值为0.25mSv/a时,此尾矿库土壤中的232 Th清除水平为0.047Bq/g。通过分析表明,该尾矿库开放前,必须采取一定措施,进行清除工作。     

近50年来中国沙尘暴空间分异格局及季相分布--初步研究

采用全国396个站点的沙尘暴观测资料，结合1：100万中国数字高程图和1：100万中国沙漠分布图，在地理信息系统支持下，重建了1951～2000年中国沙尘暴的空间分异格局，并对沙尘暴灾害发生时间的月相、季相的多年平均状况进行了分析。研究表明：全国沙尘暴空间格局总体呈西南-东北分异，我国沙尘暴的空间和强度变化分布呈现明显的周期变化规律。根据全国各省受影响的程度来看，重点区域在西北，并相对集中分布在新疆南部、西藏北部、青海中西部、内蒙中西部、甘肃、宁夏、陕西北部、山西北部、河北北部及河南部分地区。灾害发生的最大、最小年份和多年平均状况的影响界线分布基本一致，只是影响程度不同。从灾害发生时间的月相和季相过程看，可以分成3种类型和两个过渡带，重度区域从11月一直延续到次年6～7月，时间跨度很长，并与中国沙源地空间分布格局密切相关；其它受影响的区域主要发生在3～5月，且程度较轻。最后指出了在定性到定量的沙尘暴研究中，除了需要对沙尘暴的天气特征进行定量研究外，应该对与沙尘暴有关的下垫面的参数及其时间变化规律进行定量的研究，从而提高沙尘暴的研究精度。     

Occupational risk of exposure to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the quality of infection hygiene in nursing homes

• Staff members were not colonised with MRSA. • But staff were exposed to MRSA from air, sedimented dust and surfaces. • MRSA was found in the rooms of MRSA-colonised residents but not in common areas. • Staff worry about MRSA and spreading it to other residents, family, and acquaintances. • The use of protective eyewear and facemasks could be improved. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an increasing health concern across the globe and is often prevalent at long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes. However, we know little of whether nursing home staff is exposed to MRSA via air and surfaces. We investigated whether staff members at nursing homes are colonised with and exposed to culturable MRSA, and assessed staff members’ self-reported knowledge of MRSA and compliance with infection hygiene guidelines. Five nursing homes with MRSA positive residents were visited in Copenhagen, Denmark. Personal bioaerosol exposure samples and environmental samples from surfaces, sedimented dust and bioaerosols were examined for MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) to determine occupational exposure. Swabs were taken from staffs’ nose, throat, and hands to determine whether they were colonised with MRSA. An online questionnaire about MRSA and infection control was distributed. No staff members were colonised with MRSA, but MRSA was detected in the rooms of the colonised residents in two out of the five nursing homes. MRSA was observed in air (n = 4 out of 42, ranging from 2.9–7.9 CFU/m³), sedimented dust (n = 1 out of 58, 1.1 × 10³ CFU/m²/d), and on surfaces (n = 9 out of 113, 0.04–70.8 CFU/m²). The questionnaire revealed that half of the staff members worry about spreading MRSA to others. Identified aspects for improvement were improved availability and use of protective equipment, not transferring cleaning supplies (e.g., vacuum cleaners) between residents’ rooms and to reduce worry of MRSA, e.g., through education.     

我国公路交通伤亡现状分析

本文对统计、上报、公布交通伤亡数据业务的不足作了简要分析,分别对城市交通伤亡、收费道路交通伤亡、乡村和山区非收费道路交通伤亡提出了相应的数学描述模型,并提出了收费路伤亡高发期和稳定期的观点和数学模型。提出了交通伤亡责任追究制的思想,行政管理的效果非常有限,应该根据不同情况进行技术型专业管理。     

河西走廊地质灾害成因分析与防治对策

河西走廊是一个地质灾害多发区,其主要灾害有滑坡、泥石流、土地沙漠化、水土流失和土地盐渍化等.本文利用河西走廊酒泉、张掖和武威三地区的降水、暴洪灾害和地质灾害等资料,分析了该区主要地质灾害的成因和特点,结果表明,强降水是引发滑坡、塌陷和泥石流等地质灾害发生的主要原因,自然因素和人为因素共同构成了这些灾害的发生.分析了它们的主要出现地,圈定了落区,为今后准确预报地质灾害提供了科学依据.还提出了减少地质灾害发生的有效措施.     

大气颗粒物监测分析及今后研究课题

概述了 PM1 0 和 PM2 .5今后的研究方向。目前我国尚未开展 PM2 .5的常规监测 ,PM1 0 的自动监测中尚存在一些技术问题 ,且尚未公布 PM1 0 自动监测的技术性标准 ,为了满足各级环境监测站的工作需求 ,在附录中介绍了国外关于PM1 0 和 PM2 .5的监测仪器和方法标准 ,并介绍了 2 0 0 0年日本颁布的 PM2 .5自动监测技术规定