荒漠河岸多枝柽柳灌丛碳氮磷化学计量特征及其影响因素

为了解群落水平下荒漠河岸多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.）灌丛的碳氮磷化学计量特征及其影响因素,在黑河下游荒漠河岸3 800 m范围内,沿垂直河道方向上设置9个采样点,采用相关性分析、冗余分析（RDA）和偏冗余分析（pRDA）方法,对多枝柽柳群落的碳氮磷化学计量格局及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:黑河下游荒漠河岸多枝柽柳群落TC、TN、TP含量平均值分别为380.27、30.42和1.54 mg/g,C:N、C:P和N:P平均值分别为12.98、257.09和20.04.与全球和区域尺度物种水平研究相比,黑河下游荒漠河岸多枝柽柳灌丛群落具有较低的TC含量、较高的TN含量和N:P以及相对稳定的TP含量.多枝柽柳灌丛群落碳氮磷化学计量特征变异系数相对较小,内稳性较强,相对较高的N:P（14.55~27.20）表明群落水平下多枝柽柳灌丛更倾向于受磷元素的限制.在沿河梯度上,多枝柽柳群落TC含量和TN含量均随沿河距离的增加呈显著下降的变化趋势,而C:N随沿河距离的增加呈波动上升的变化趋势;TP含量呈先降后升的变化趋势,而C:P和N:P大致呈先上升后下降的变化趋势.多枝柽柳灌丛群落的碳氮磷化学计量特征与土壤理化属性存在一定相关性,土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤pH是影响多枝柽柳群落碳氮磷化学计量特征变化的关键因子,三者共同解释了总变异的57.7%,其中土壤含水量解释了总变异的32.8%.研究显示,土壤水盐与多枝柽柳灌丛的碳氮磷化学计量特征关系密切,土壤含水量在解释多枝柽柳灌丛碳氮磷化学计量特征变化方面比土壤pH更为重要.      

腾格里沙漠民勤沙丘CO_2浓度与昼夜变化规律研究

为查明沙漠区CO2浓度和对大气CO2的影响以及在全球碳循环中的作用,利用红外CO2监测仪于2009年9月对腾格里沙漠民勤实验点不同类型不同深度的沙层CO2含量变化进行了昼夜连续观测.根据12个钻孔CO2浓度的昼夜观测结果可知,民勤沙漠区不同观测点CO2浓度差异较大,各观测点昼夜CO2浓度变化在310×10-6～2 630×10-6之间;夜间沙层CO2浓度低,白天CO2浓度高;CO2浓度在深度上也有明显的差异,不同深度CO2浓度由大到小的顺序是:4 m(3m)2 m1m;与温带半湿润的西安地区相比,位于极端干旱区的民勤沙漠区CO2浓度显著低;CO2浓度昼夜变化明显,从当日09:00左右到次日09:00左右均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;在沙层水分一定的条件下,昼夜温度变化是造成沙层CO2浓度昼夜变化的主要原因,两者呈显著正相关关系;含水量较高沙层CO2浓度明显高于含水量较低沙层,沙层含水量高低是决定沙层CO2浓度的主要因素;4 m深度以上沙层CO2浓度均高于地表空气CO2浓度,表明极端干旱的沙漠区可能是CO2的来源区,也指示环境恶劣的裸露流动沙丘微生物活动产生的沙层CO2浓度仍然超过了大气CO2浓度.     

我国北方荒漠化地区主要灌木种的物候学研究

采用中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站１９８７～１９９７年物候连续观测资料,研究了我国主要荒漠灌木种在该地区的物候学特征,并分析了与温度、降水、光照、风速等环境因子的相关性,结果表明,均温与光照是这些灌木主要物候期的主导因子。通过聚类分析确立了３个萌动期物候类型、３个展叶期物候类型和４个开花期物候类型。研究结果对荒漠化地区人工植被建设和生物多样性迁地保护具有重要的意义.     

不同人工措施对沙质荒漠生态恢复与重建初期效应的影响

机械措施与生物措施相结合是流沙治理行之有效的重要途径和方法。通过对4种不同人工措施干预治理流动沙地后其生态恢复初期(前3年)植被、土壤理化性质和水分动态变化进行了观测研究,并以流沙区为对照进行了对比分析。结果表明:沙质荒漠生态系统恢复变化首先始于各种机械措施所建立的稳定地面的形成,为天然植物的迅速增殖和侵入、人工固沙植物的介入、枯枝落叶的储存及流沙成土过程提供了必要的环境条件。枯枝落叶层的形成又为土壤-植物系统物质交换建立了介面,促进了流沙的成土过程。不同人工措施治理区0～200cm土壤平均含水量与流沙区土壤含水量相比差异不显著,说明土壤水分仍能保持流动沙地原有的水分平衡状态。但随着天然植被的恢复与人工固沙林生长,其对土壤水分的影响深度由干预前的40cm加深至第三年的160cm。系统内植物恢复与流沙成土过程的前期效果表明,草沙障或土沙障 固沙林措施优于塑料沙障 人工沙蒿和封育治理措施,是流动沙地得以快速治理的有效方法。从植被群落结构的变化看,人工植被在建立后第三年其生态功能才开始初见成效。     

祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

Multiyear monitoring of survival following mitigation-driven translocation of a long-lived threatened reptile

Translocation is used by managers to mitigate the negative impacts of development on species. Moving individuals to a new location is challenging, and many translocation attempts have failed. Robust, posttranslocation monitoring is therefore important for evaluating effects of translocation on target species. We evaluated the efficacy of a translocation designed to mitigate the effects of a utility-scale solar energy project on the U.S. federally listed Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). The species is a long-lived reptile threatened by a variety of factors, including habitat loss due to renewable energy development in the Mojave Desert and portions of the Colorado Desert in southern California (southwestern United States). We translocated 58 individual tortoises away from the project's construction site and intensively monitored them over 5 years (2012–2017). We monitored these individuals and tortoises located in the translocation release area (resident tortoises; n = 112) and control tortoises (n = 149) in a nearby location. We used our tortoise encounter data and known-fate survival models to estimate annual and cumulative survival. Translocated tortoises in each of 2 size classes (120–160 mm, >160 mm) did not survive at lower rates than resident and control tortoises over the study period. For models with different sets of biotic and abiotic covariates, annual and cumulative estimates of survival were always >0.87 and >0.56, respectively. Larger tortoises tended to have higher survival, but translocated tortoises were not differentially affected by the covariates used to model variation in survival. Based on these findings, our translocation design and study protocols could inform other translocation projects for desert species. Our case study highlights the benefits of combining rigorous scientific monitoring with well-designed, mitigation-driven management actions to reduce the negative effects of development on species of conservation concern.     

Long‐distance flights and high‐risk breeding by nomadic waterbirds on desert salt lakes

Understanding and conserving mobile species presents complex challenges, especially for animals in stochastic or changing environments. Nomadic waterbirds must locate temporary water in arid biomes where rainfall is highly unpredictable in space and time. To achieve this they need to travel over vast spatial scales and time arrival to exploit pulses in food resources. How they achieve this is an enduring mystery.  We investigated these challenges in the colonial‐nesting Banded Stilt (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus), a nomadic shorebird of conservation concern. Hitherto, Banded Stilts were hypothesized to have only 1–2 chances to breed during their long lifetime, when flooding rain fills desert salt lakes, triggering mass‐hatching of brine shrimp. Over 6 years, we satellite tagged 57 individuals, conducted 21 aerial surveys to detect nesting colonies on 14 Australian desert salt lakes, and analyzed 3 decades of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to quantify salt‐lake flood frequency and extent. Within days of distant inland rainfall, Banded Stilts flew 1,000–2,000 km to reach flooded salt lakes. On arrival, females laid over half their body weight in eggs. We detected nesting episodes across the species’ range at 7 times the frequency reported during the previous 80 years. Nesting colonies of thousands formed following minor floods, yet most were subsequently abandoned when the water rapidly evaporated prior to egg hatching. Satellite imagery revealed twice as many flood events sufficient for breeding‐colony initiation as recorded colonies, suggesting that nesting at remote sites has been underdetected. Individuals took risk on uncertain breeding opportunities by responding to frequent minor flood events between infrequent extensive flooding, exemplifying the extreme adaptability and trade‐offs of species exploiting unstable environments. The conservation challenges of nest predation by overabundant native gulls and anthropogenic modifications to salt lakes filling frequencies require investigation, as do the physiological and navigational mechanisms that enable such extreme strategies.     

荒漠草原土壤线虫对氮沉降及降雨变化的响应

为了解氮沉降和降雨变化对短花针茅荒漠草原土壤线虫的影响,试验设计采用主区为增雨30%（W）和减雨30%（R）、自然降雨（CK）3种水分处理,副区为0（N0）、30（N30）、50（N50）和100（N100） kg/（hm²·a）4个氮素梯度共12个处理.结果表明：研究区共鉴定土壤线虫隶属41属,群落优势属为丽突属（Acrobeles）和拟丽突属（Acrobeloides）,增雨较氮添加显著增加了线虫数量,且在10月份尤为明显,减雨下N50梯度更利于线虫数量增加;从功能类群来看,土壤0~10cm食细菌线虫数量最多（占总数41.00%~45.56%）,并随季节动态呈上升趋势,捕杂食线虫数量最低,食细菌和食真菌线虫与氮梯度呈负相关关系;从生态指数来看,仅增雨抑制了土壤线虫多样性,单一氮添加没有改变线虫群落多样性和稳定性,但较低的氮添加会显著降低了线虫丰富度.不同季节动态处理下,土壤矿化途径受食微线虫的影响,有机质以真菌降解通道为主,减雨施氮下提高了土壤抗干扰能力;pH值、有机质、铵态氮含量是影响土壤线虫群落重要的环境因子,土壤氮含量增多及pH值降低增加了偏K策略者类群数量,降低R对策者类群数量,土壤线虫群落结构的变化,表明短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统地下食物网稳定性渐趋增强.     

天然气开采压裂返排液污泥用于荒漠区植被修复的可行性

为解决中石化大牛地气田天然气开采压裂返排液污泥（采气污泥）难处理的困境,在测定采气污泥成分和运用地累积指数法（I_geo）评估其环境风险的基础上,利用三种荒漠区常见植物[沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）和苜蓿（Medicago falcata L.）],通过设计采气污泥与荒漠区土壤配比,开展天然气开采压裂返排液污泥用于荒漠区植被修复的可行性试验研究.结果表明:① 采气污泥中各污染物组分含量相对较低,w（Cr）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）分别为35.187、0.181、5.502 mg/kg,PAHs（多环芳烃类）未检出;w（OM）、w（TN）也较低,分别为1.46%、0.32%,盐分含量为1.2%.② 重金属风险评估结果显示,Cr、Cd、Pb的I_geo值分别为-0.76、-8.69和-2.20,污染风险等级为清洁;Se和Ba的I_geo值分别为0.02和0.91,有轻度环境污染风险.③ 5%采气污泥处理能使土壤最大持水量、土壤保水能力和孔隙度分别提高了74.41%、14.29%和4.35%.④ 低浓度（2.5%）采气污泥处理能使沙蒿、黑麦草和苜蓿种子发芽率分别提高7.38%、3.61%和8.20%,高浓度（>2.5%）采气污泥对种子萌发则表现为抑制作用.⑤ 根据采气污泥对沙蒿、黑麦草和苜蓿株高、根长和生物量的影响,确定采气污泥适宜施用量分别为≤ 5%、≤ 2.5%、≤ 2.5%.研究显示,采气污泥用于荒漠区植物修复是可行的,但适宜施用量较低,可采取去污染物和筛选耐性植物等技术来提高其用量.      

荒漠草原无林地PM2.5、PM10时间变化特征及与气象因素的关系

选取荒漠草原无林地的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度以及气象因子数据,对颗粒物浓度的时间变化特征及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)1月的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)月平均浓度最高,7月的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)达到最低。季节尺度上PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度变化为由大到小顺序依次为冬季秋季春季夏季。(2)风速≤4.0 m/s时,随着风速增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度不断降低;当风速4.0 m/s时,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随风速增加而增加。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度与温度负相关。相对湿度≤50%时,随着相对湿度增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度呈增加趋势;相对湿度50%时,随着空气湿度增加,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度呈降低趋势。随着大气气压上升,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度随之增加。(3)不同季节的气象因子对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)影响存在差异。